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PCCN > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main causes of Ventricular Tachycardia?

A
  1. Acute myocardial infarction
  2. Hypokalemia
  3. Hypomagnesemia
  4. Dilated Cardiomyopathy
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2
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

When there are abnormalities in ventricle function leading to preserved systolic function.

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3
Q

Signs/symptoms of restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

1) Smaller ventricles &large atria
2) Diastolic HF
3) Orthopnea & DOE
4) Liver enlargement
5) Exercise intolerance
6) S3 &S4 heart sounds
7) Amyloidosis

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4
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

Difficulty/discomfort when lying down flat

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5
Q

What medication is contraindicated in patient’s with restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Digoxin

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6
Q

What can cause prolonged QT syndrome?

A

1) Hypokalemia
2) Hypocalcemia
3) Hypomagnesemia
4) CNS injury
5) Drug Toxicities

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7
Q

What are the risks of prolonged QT syndrome?

A

1) Torsades de pointes
2) Polymorphic Ventricular tachycardia

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8
Q

Hypertensive Emergency

A

When systolic BP is ≥ 180 and/or diastolic BP is ≥ 120

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9
Q

What caution must you take when managing a Hypertensive emergency?

A

Do not lower MAP > 20% as it can cause brain ischemia d/t abnormal cerebral flow auto regulation.

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10
Q

Complications of Hypertensive emergency

A

1) MI
2) Stroke
3) Seizures

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11
Q

What symptoms do we monitor patients for that are also signs of hypertensive encephalopathy in patient’s w/ a hypertensive emergency?

A

1) Signs of Heart Failure
2) Widening Pulse Pressure
3) Seizures

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12
Q

Mitral Regurgitation

A

It is the dysfunction of the mitral valve resulting in blood being forced back through the valve and fluid backing into the lungs.

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13
Q

Signs and symptoms of mitral regurgitation

A

1) Diffuse crackles
2) Heart murmur

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14
Q

Pericarditis

A

It is the inflammation of the pericardium (the sac that surrounds the heart). It becomes rough and inflamed irritating the adjacent pericardium.

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15
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Pericarditis

A

1) Elevated WBC & ESR
2) Friction Rub/Crackles
3) SOB
4) Fever
5) Sharp stabbing pain in the chest

Defining symptom: Sharp constant chest pain that is worse when lying down and is alleviated when sitting up or leaning forward

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16
Q

How is pericarditis diagnosed?

A

Echocardiogram

17
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

When there is an accumulation of blood in the mediastinal space and thus impairing the the heart’s ability to pump.

18
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Cardiac Tamponade

A

1) Decreased Cardiac Output
2) Decreased BP
3) Tachycardia
4) Tachypnea
5) Muffled Heart Sounds
6) JVD
7) Pulses Paradoxus

19
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A

When the ventricle thickens leading to a smaller ventricular chamber.

20
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A

1) Chest Pain
2) Orthopnea
3) Dyspnea
4) Systolic murmur

21
Q

Dobutamine

A

An inotropic med that causes mild vasodilation and is useful for after load reduction in heart failure.

22
Q

Inotrope

A

A medication that change the force of the heart’s contraction.

23
Q

What does Amiodarone do?

A

It is an anti arrhythmic that helps treat irregular heartbeats such as A-fib. It causes vasodilation and can cause a drop in BP

24
Q

What are long term complications of amiodarone?

A

1) Pulmonary toxicity (must monitor SOB and cough)
2) Alveolitis
3) Pulmonary Fibrosis
4) Pneumonitis
5) ARDS

25
Q

Hypokalemia EKG changes

A

Prominent U waves and ST Depression

26
Q

Hyperkalemia EKG changes

A

ST depression, prolonged PR interval, & Peaked T waves

27
Q

MI Complication

A

V-Tach

28
Q

Mitral Stenosis Complication

A

A-fib

29
Q

Radiation is a risk factor for which type of cardiomyopathy?

A

Restrictive

30
Q

If a patient has a pacemaker and the pacer spikes are not followed by a corresponding QRS, what should you do?

A

Increase output (mA)

31
Q

What is the drug of choice for pericarditis associated with recent MI?

A

NSAIDs

32
Q

ACE inhibitors such as lisinopril help to slow the progression of which disease?

A

Heart failure

33
Q

What is the best treatment for uncontrolled A-fib in patient’s who have undergone recent cardiac surgery?

A

Beta Blockers

34
Q

The VVI mode in a pacemaker is used for which cardiac rhythms?

A

A-fib w/ or w/o symptomatic pauses or in Bradycardia

PCCN (3 decks)

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