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SP Pharm > cardiovascular > Flashcards

cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

drugs are used to treat what cardiovascular diseases?

A 
hypertention
CHF
MI/angina pectoris
arrhythmia
thrombosis
hyperlipidemia
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2
Q

stage 1 hypertension?

A

140/90 to 159/99

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3
Q

stage 2 hypertension?

A

160/100 to 179/109

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4
Q

stage 3 hypertension?

A

180/110 and above

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5
Q

what is prehypertension

A

120/80 to 139/89

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6
Q

what is isolated systolic hypertension?

A

SBP (top number) is above 140, DBP (bottom) is normal (80)

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7
Q

risk factor for hypertension?

A 
Blood relatives with hypertension
Men over the age of 55
Post-menopausal women
Obesity
Smoking
Diabetes
High blood cholesterol
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8
Q

Complications of hypertension?

A

Cerebrovascular hemorrhage, stroke, renal failure, heart failure, myocardial infarction, retinal damage.

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of hypertension?

A

primary and secondary

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10
Q

what is primary hypertension? aka? percent?

A

idiopathic, 95%

  • High sodium in diet or sodium retention
  • Enhanced sympathetic nerve activity
  • Perturbations in Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system
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11
Q

what is secondary hypertension?

A

Precipitated by chronic renal disease (diabetic nephropathy), Pheochromocytoma, stress, aortic coarctation

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12
Q

look at slide 5

A

look at slide 5

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13
Q

what happens if the left side of the heart under a lot of pressure?

A 
increased resistance (heart has to work harder)
will cause volume load on the right side
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14
Q

what factors influence blood pressure?

A

1-Vascular resistance
2-Blood volume
3-Cardiac output

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15
Q

what is vascular resistance?

A

pressure load on the heart.

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16
Q

what is blood volume

A

volume load on the heart

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17
Q

what is CO?

A

amount of blood the heart pumps per unit of time

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18
Q

what is the main thing that we can change to affect BP? what can we not change?

A

resistance

can’t change CO

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19
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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20
Q

how does a diuretic work?

A

it lowers BP by lowering blood volume

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21
Q

how can we lower blood volume without medication?

A

lower H2O and sodium intake

22
Q

what filters blood?

A

glomerulus

23
Q

after blood gets filtered, where does NaCl get taken up into the body?

A

uptake happens in the proximal convoluted tubule and the Loop of Henle

24
Q

what is the loop of henle responsible for?

A

bulk or water and iron reabsorption

25
Q

give an example of a loop diuretic

A

manatol

26
Q

osmotic diuretics are not used for what?

A

HTN

27
Q

how do thiazides work?

A

works on convoluted tubules

28
Q

how does K+ sparing work?

A

works on collecting ducts

29
Q

2 examples of loop high ceiling diuretics

A

furosemide and bumetanide

30
Q

how do loop high ceiling diuretics work?

A

Inhibition of Na+, K+,

Cl- reabsorption in the loop of Henle resulting in electrolyte and fluid excretion.

31
Q

what are the indications for loop high ceiling diuretics?

A

Treatment of acute pulmonary edema
congestive heart failure (CHF)
hypertension

32
Q

what are the adverse effects of loop high ceiling diuretics?

A

Electrolyte imbalances e.g. hyponatremia, hypokalemia (leads to cardiac arrhythmia), reactive increase in renin levels, alkalosis, hyperuricemia.

33
Q

Loop of Henle is responsible for what percent of NaCl absorption?

A

50-70%

34
Q

what are thiazide or thiazide like diuretics used for?

A

HTN

CHF

35
Q

how do thiazide or thiazide like diuretics work?

A

Inhibition of Na+, Cl- reabsorption the distal convoluted tubule
effects: hyponatremia and hypokalemia

36
Q

what are the side effects of thiazide or thiazide like diuretics?

A

Electrolyte imbalances e.g. hyponatremia, hypokalemia (leads to cardiac arrhythmia), reactive increase in renin levels, alkalosis, hyperuricemia

37
Q

what are some examples of thiazide or thiazide like diuretics?

A

Chlorothiazide (Diuril)
Hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril)
Metolazone (Zaroxolyn).

38
Q

what kind of drug is Spironolactone (Aldactone)?

A

aldosterone antagonist

K+ sparing diuretic

39
Q

how does Spironolactone work?

A

Competitive blocker of aldosterone receptors in collecting duct, decrease the Na+/K+ exchange

40
Q

what is Spironolactone used for?

A

HTN
CHF
Co-administered with thiazides or loop diuretics

41
Q

what are the adverse effects of Spironolactone?

A

Life-threatening hyperkalemia, gynecomastia, impotence, decreased libido, acidosis.

42
Q

what is aldosterone?

A

a mineralocorticoid/hormone secreted from adrenal cortex and works on the collecting ducts to enhance exchange of Na+ and K+.

43
Q

cortisol drives up what?

A

glucose (called glucocortisoid)

44
Q

what happens when aldosterone is used?

A 
sodium is retained, potassium is lost,
must use an aldosterone agonist
the agonist (which is a K+ sparing diuretic, causes potassium retention and sodium loss
45
Q

what organ can too much K+ affect?

A

heart

46
Q

what type of drugs are Amiloride (Midamor) and Triamterene (Dyrenium)?

A

K+-Sparing Diuretics: Renal Na+ Channel Inhibitors-

47
Q

how do K+-Sparing Diuretics Renal Na+ Channel Inhibitors work?

A

Inhibit Na+ channels in collecting duct, leading to inhibition of Na+ reabsorption, and K+ sparing.

48
Q

what are the indications of K+-Sparing Diuretics Renal Na+ Channel Inhibitors?

A

In combination therapy with thiazides to treat hypertension and CHF

49
Q

what are the adverse effects of K+-Sparing Diuretics Renal Na+ Channel Inhibitors?

A

Hyperkalemia,

acidosis

50
Q

what are some common diuretic drug combinations?

A

thiazide and K+ sparing diuretics

thiazides cause K+ loss, K+ diuretic fights it

51
Q

examples of what common diuretic drug combinations?

A

Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide (Moduretic)

Spironolactone and isobutylhydrocholorthiazide (Aldazide)

SP Pharm (10 decks)

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