Cardiovascular Flashcards
Congenital Heart Disease
-Anatomic Abnormalities present at birth
-6 to 13 per 1000 live births
Symptoms of cardiac dysfunction
-poor feeding
-tachypnea, tachycardia
-failure to thrive, poor weight gain, activity intolerance
-developmental delays
-positive prenatal history
-poisitve family history of cardiac disease
Inotropes
-Common vasoactive drugs include:
Dopamine
Dobutamine
Epinephrine
-Use Blood pressure, and cap refill: to increase measure cardiac output
-Dosed by minutes (per kg/min)
Physical Characteristics of Cardiac Defects
-Pink and blue babies: It’s all about the duct
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
-Heart murmur
-Few symptoms in children
-Shortness of breath
-Poor growth
-Treatment: surgical closure, which may increase pulmonary hypertension, closure with cardiac catheterization, follow up with a cardiologist
Ventricular Septal Defect
-Murmur
-CHF: depending on the size of VSD, failure to thrive
-Treatment: observation (cardiologist, medical management with Digoxin), surgical repair
Ventricular Septal Defect
-Murmur
-CHF: depending on the size of VSD, failure to thrive
-Treatment: observation (cardiologist, medical management with Digoxin), surgical repair
Tetralogy of Fallot
-4 separate defects within one syndrome
-Ventricular septal defects
-pulmonary stenosis
-Secondary thickening of the right ventricle
-Aorta lies directly over VSD
Tet Spells
-increased resistance of blood flow to the lungs with increased flow of desaturated blood to the body
-sudden cyanosis, progressive cyanosis over first year of life
-syncope
-hypoxic brain injury
-death
Cause of Tet Spells
-crying
-defecation
-feeding
-awakening from naps
-fever
-dehydration
-tachycardia (deceased filling time leads to reduced end-diastolic volume)
-Medications (ACE inhibitors)
Cause of Tet Spells
-crying
-defecation
-feeding
-awakening from naps
-fever
-dehydration
-tachycardia (deceased filling time leads to reduced end-diastolic volume)
-Medications (ACE inhibitors)
Nursing Care for Tet Spells
-place an infant in a knee-chest position
-administer 100% oxygen
-admin morphine
-use a calm approach
-IV fluid replacement for blood volume expansion
Treatment CHF
-correct cardiac defect
-enhancing cardiac contractility (digoxin)
-reduce afterload (lasix)
-improve oxygen delivery
-enhance nutrition
Rheumatic Fever
-a systemic immune disease that affects the joints, skin, heart, blood, vessels, and brain
-may develop after strep throat or scarlet fever
-very rare in the U.S.
-prevented by prompt diagnosis, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory med
Symptoms of PHTN
-Progressive shortness of breath (especially with activity)
-Hyperventilation
-Fatigue
-Pink frothy sputum
-Progressive cyanosis
-Right sided heart failure
–Distension of veins in the neck
–Swelling of the legs and hands due to fluid retention
–Enlarged liver
