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Fundamentals 209 Veron 1 Cardio > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

PURPOSE OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

TRANSPORT SYSTEM -

Blood containing:

  1. O2
  2. Nutrients
  3. Metabolites
  4. Hormones
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2
Q

What are three layers of the heart?

Start with the outer

A
  1. EPI-cardium/sac anchors to the sternal wall
  2. MYO-cardium - think middle
  3. ENDO-cardium - inner/intima
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3
Q

PULMONARY ARTERIES go to the _______

PULMONARY VEINS go to the ___________

A

P Arteries carry deox blood to the LUNGS (away from the heart)

P Veins carry oxygenated blood to the HEART/left atrium (away from the lungs)

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4
Q

Where do the CORONARY ARTERIES originate?

A

From the aorta
LAD - Left Anterior Descending - Widow Maker
supplies the Left Ventricle - Heart’s workhorse

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5
Q

What does AUTOMATICITY mean?

A

The heart can generate its own electrical impulse -

SA node - PACEMAKER
AV node
AV Bundle of HIS
Right and Left Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
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6
Q

Which is longer DIASTOLE or SYSTOLE?

A

Diastole is 2x as long.

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7
Q

What is a normal heart rate range? Beats/Minute
What is CO? Volume/?
What is Stroke Volume (SV)? Volumer/?

A

HR = 60-100 beats/minutes

SV = Volume per Beat

Normal CO = 3.8 - 8 L/min Average is 5 liters

CO = SV x HR. Volume Per MInute. SV x 100 beats

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8
Q

What happens during DIASTOLE?

A

FILLING

Atria fills, then ventricle fills

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9
Q

What happens during ATRIAL SYSTOLE and VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE?

A

Atrial systole - atria contracts and pumps blood into the ventricles

Ventricular systole - ventricles contract and pumps blood into
the AORTA and PULMONARY ARTERIES

Sympathetic innervation will increase HR

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10
Q

What is LUB DUB?

A

Lub - mitral and tricuspid valves closing

Dub - aortic and pulmonary valves closing

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11
Q

What is Atrial Fibrillation?

A

Afib
Quivering or irregular heart rhythm that can lead to blood clots stroke, heart failure
It is not a strong contraction, “no atrial kick”

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12
Q

What 3 things does SV depend on?

Name one factor that would decrease SV.

A

STROKE VOLUME DEPENDS ON:

  1. Accomodation of incoming blood - how much blood the heart pumps out determines how much blood comes back.
  2. Contractility of the heart. How strong is the muscle?
  3. Resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system.
    Measured with BP.
    If the BP is too high the Left Ventricle cannot empty and begins to hypertrophy to met the depend. If BP is high Stroke Volume will DECREASE.

HIGH BP would decrease SV.

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13
Q

NAME the layers of an ARTERY and what it is made up of.

Describe Veins

A

ARTERIES are thick-walled MUSCULAR vessels
Intima -inside
Media - middle
Adventitia - outside
AORTA - ARTERIES - ARTERIOLES - CAPILLARIES

VEINS are LESS muscular and have 1 way VALVES.
CAPILLARIES - VENULES- VEINS - VENA CAVA

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14
Q

WHEN are the coronary arteries perfused?

Diastole or Systole

A

Diastole
As HR increases, there is less time to perfuse the coronary arteries.
Perfusion depends on CO (SV x HR)

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15
Q

Changes in the CV system for Older adults

A

Decreased activity tolerance. Decreased endurance.
Why? Decrease in exercise and osteoporosis.

Calcification. Fatty degeneration
Diminished elasticity of blood vessels -increased resistance
so higher BP and lower CO

Diabetes - changes walls of arteries
Smoking/Nicotine - damages the intima of arteries and causes constriction

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16
Q

What AFFECTS CV FUNCTION?

Non-modifiable

A

Non-Modifiable
Sex
Age
Family History

17
Q

What affects CV Function

Modifiable?

A
  1. Smoking - 1 year stopping, dec risk 50%
  2. Hypertension - decreased CO
  3. Nutrition - Na, fat, Chol
  4. Sedentary lifestyle
  5. Diabetes
  6. Obesity - Decrease exercise, increase in poor nutrition, Abdominal girth inc. risk
  7. Medications and Drug use - ie Cocaine
  8. Stress - inc. BP
  9. Personality Types (A)
  10. Community Factors - environment
18
Q

What is the function of baroreceptors?

A

Located in carotid arteries, controls the arteries to the brain.
Sensitive to O2 needs and pressure.
They will cause constriction or dilation of arteries.

Not on PPTx, but in her lecture.

19
Q

ALTERED CV FUNCTION -

List 5 symptoms/signs

A
  1. Vital Signs
    - BP - low (low CO). high - leads to heart enlargement
    - Pulse Character- diminished or absent
    - HR - increased due to low CO
    - Respiration - Increased RR due to dec. SOB
    - Orthostatic Hypotension
  2. Skin - changes in color, temp., skin breakdown, hair loss, clubbing
  3. Deceased CO - SOB, dec. ADLs, Valve issues, conduction issues
  4. Blood Vessel changes -Claudication, PVD, Inc risk DVT and PE
  5. Tissue Perfusion - decrease -pain, organ failure, dec. ROM from edema or ischemia, dec. cognitive

VITALS, SKIN, CO, BLOOD VESSELS, ORGAN FAILURE/EDEMA/COGNITIVE

20
Q

IS Cardiac Output Blood pumped per BEAT or MINUTE?

A

MINUTE

21
Q

RISK ASSESSMENT

A
  1. Past CV conditions
  2. Current Meds
  3. Non and Modifiable Risks
4. Metabolic Syndrome - 4 criteria
BP >130/85
Fasting Glucose > 110-125 
Triglyi >150, HDL
Cholesterol HDL <50 women <40 men
22
Q

VTE Bundle

A 
Assessment:
Pain, 
Pulse 
Palor
Parasthesia

Could prevent 70 % of DVT’s

Prevention -
can be Non-pharm (TEDS) and Pharm (Lovanox)

23
Q

DVT path

A

Can travel to right side of the heart then to the lungs, then it is a PE

24
Q

Risk for Venous insufficiency

A
  1. Stasis - sitting or standing for long periods of time.
  2. Hypercoaglibiity
  3. Endothial Damage

Also
Female, age, family history of this condition, pregnancy obesity, tall height, history of DVT

25
Q

Pulse Grading

A 
0=absent
1=diminished, theady
2=normal
3=increased volume
4=bounding
26
Q

EDEMA GRADING

A 
\+1 Pitting 2mm volume 30 % above normal 
\+2 Pitting 4mm 
\+3 Piting 6mm several sedonds
\+4 Pitting 8 mm - minutes
Brawning No pitting Tissue hard or firm, shinny ,warm, moist, fluid cannot be displaced

Fundamentals 209 Veron 1 Cardio (4 decks)

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