Cardiovascular Flashcards
PURPOSE OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
TRANSPORT SYSTEM -
Blood containing:
- O2
- Nutrients
- Metabolites
- Hormones
What are three layers of the heart?
Start with the outer
- EPI-cardium/sac anchors to the sternal wall
- MYO-cardium - think middle
- ENDO-cardium - inner/intima
PULMONARY ARTERIES go to the _______
PULMONARY VEINS go to the ___________
P Arteries carry deox blood to the LUNGS (away from the heart)
P Veins carry oxygenated blood to the HEART/left atrium (away from the lungs)
Where do the CORONARY ARTERIES originate?
From the aorta
LAD - Left Anterior Descending - Widow Maker
supplies the Left Ventricle - Heart’s workhorse
What does AUTOMATICITY mean?
The heart can generate its own electrical impulse -
SA node - PACEMAKER AV node AV Bundle of HIS Right and Left Bundle Branches Purkinje Fibers
Which is longer DIASTOLE or SYSTOLE?
Diastole is 2x as long.
What is a normal heart rate range? Beats/Minute
What is CO? Volume/?
What is Stroke Volume (SV)? Volumer/?
HR = 60-100 beats/minutes
SV = Volume per Beat
Normal CO = 3.8 - 8 L/min Average is 5 liters
CO = SV x HR. Volume Per MInute. SV x 100 beats
What happens during DIASTOLE?
FILLING
Atria fills, then ventricle fills
What happens during ATRIAL SYSTOLE and VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE?
Atrial systole - atria contracts and pumps blood into the ventricles
Ventricular systole - ventricles contract and pumps blood into
the AORTA and PULMONARY ARTERIES
Sympathetic innervation will increase HR
What is LUB DUB?
Lub - mitral and tricuspid valves closing
Dub - aortic and pulmonary valves closing
What is Atrial Fibrillation?
Afib
Quivering or irregular heart rhythm that can lead to blood clots stroke, heart failure
It is not a strong contraction, “no atrial kick”
What 3 things does SV depend on?
Name one factor that would decrease SV.
STROKE VOLUME DEPENDS ON:
- Accomodation of incoming blood - how much blood the heart pumps out determines how much blood comes back.
- Contractility of the heart. How strong is the muscle?
- Resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system.
Measured with BP.
If the BP is too high the Left Ventricle cannot empty and begins to hypertrophy to met the depend. If BP is high Stroke Volume will DECREASE.
HIGH BP would decrease SV.
NAME the layers of an ARTERY and what it is made up of.
Describe Veins
ARTERIES are thick-walled MUSCULAR vessels
Intima -inside
Media - middle
Adventitia - outside
AORTA - ARTERIES - ARTERIOLES - CAPILLARIES
VEINS are LESS muscular and have 1 way VALVES.
CAPILLARIES - VENULES- VEINS - VENA CAVA
WHEN are the coronary arteries perfused?
Diastole or Systole
Diastole
As HR increases, there is less time to perfuse the coronary arteries.
Perfusion depends on CO (SV x HR)
Changes in the CV system for Older adults
Decreased activity tolerance. Decreased endurance.
Why? Decrease in exercise and osteoporosis.
Calcification. Fatty degeneration
Diminished elasticity of blood vessels -increased resistance
so higher BP and lower CO
Diabetes - changes walls of arteries
Smoking/Nicotine - damages the intima of arteries and causes constriction
What AFFECTS CV FUNCTION?
Non-modifiable
Non-Modifiable
Sex
Age
Family History
What affects CV Function
Modifiable?
- Smoking - 1 year stopping, dec risk 50%
- Hypertension - decreased CO
- Nutrition - Na, fat, Chol
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Diabetes
- Obesity - Decrease exercise, increase in poor nutrition, Abdominal girth inc. risk
- Medications and Drug use - ie Cocaine
- Stress - inc. BP
- Personality Types (A)
- Community Factors - environment
What is the function of baroreceptors?
Located in carotid arteries, controls the arteries to the brain.
Sensitive to O2 needs and pressure.
They will cause constriction or dilation of arteries.
Not on PPTx, but in her lecture.
ALTERED CV FUNCTION -
List 5 symptoms/signs
- Vital Signs
- BP - low (low CO). high - leads to heart enlargement
- Pulse Character- diminished or absent
- HR - increased due to low CO
- Respiration - Increased RR due to dec. SOB
- Orthostatic Hypotension - Skin - changes in color, temp., skin breakdown, hair loss, clubbing
- Deceased CO - SOB, dec. ADLs, Valve issues, conduction issues
- Blood Vessel changes -Claudication, PVD, Inc risk DVT and PE
- Tissue Perfusion - decrease -pain, organ failure, dec. ROM from edema or ischemia, dec. cognitive
VITALS, SKIN, CO, BLOOD VESSELS, ORGAN FAILURE/EDEMA/COGNITIVE
IS Cardiac Output Blood pumped per BEAT or MINUTE?
MINUTE
RISK ASSESSMENT
- Past CV conditions
- Current Meds
- Non and Modifiable Risks
4. Metabolic Syndrome - 4 criteria BP >130/85 Fasting Glucose > 110-125 Triglyi >150, HDL Cholesterol HDL <50 women <40 men
VTE Bundle
Assessment: Pain, Pulse Palor Parasthesia
Could prevent 70 % of DVT’s
Prevention -
can be Non-pharm (TEDS) and Pharm (Lovanox)
DVT path
Can travel to right side of the heart then to the lungs, then it is a PE
Risk for Venous insufficiency
- Stasis - sitting or standing for long periods of time.
- Hypercoaglibiity
- Endothial Damage
Also
Female, age, family history of this condition, pregnancy obesity, tall height, history of DVT
Pulse Grading
0=absent 1=diminished, theady 2=normal 3=increased volume 4=bounding
EDEMA GRADING
\+1 Pitting 2mm volume 30 % above normal \+2 Pitting 4mm \+3 Piting 6mm several sedonds \+4 Pitting 8 mm - minutes Brawning No pitting Tissue hard or firm, shinny ,warm, moist, fluid cannot be displaced
