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Paediatrics > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of systolic murmurs in a child?

A

Tetrology of fallot

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Pulmonary/Aortic Stenosis

Ventricular Septal Defects

Mitral/Tricuspid Regurgitation

Truncus Arteriosus

Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Defect (TAPVD)

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2
Q

What are the causes of diastolic murmurs in a child?

A

Truncus Arteriosus

Mitral Stenosis

Pulmonary/Aortic Regurgitation

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3
Q

Which congential heart defect doesn’t cause a murmur?

A

Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)

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4
Q

Name one virus that can cause viral myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

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5
Q

Name 4 symptoms of Kawasacki Disease

A

Lymphadenopathy, red tongue and eyes, rash and swinging fevers

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6
Q

What are the most common types of congenital heart disease?

A

Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD)

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7
Q

What type of murmur do Ventricular Septal Defects cause?

A

Pan-systolic murmurs

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8
Q

What kind of murmur do Atrial Septal Defects cause?

A

Ejection Systolic with wide-splitting S2

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9
Q

When can Acyanosis be seen in Congenital Heart Disease?

A

Left-to-right shunting

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10
Q

When can Cyanosis be seen in Congenital Heart Disease?

A

right-to-left shunting

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11
Q

What does the image show?

A

Tetrology of Fallot

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12
Q

What does the image show?

A

Coarctation of the Aorta

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13
Q

What percentage of CHD are made up by Atrial Septal Defects?

A

10%

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14
Q

What is a Secundum Atrial Septal defect?

A

When the hole in the septum forms in the place of the foramen ovale. This is the most common type of ASD.

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15
Q

What type of shunt is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

and is that cyanotic or acyanotic?

A

left-to-right shunt

Acyanotic

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16
Q

What would an ECG show for ASD?

A

Right Axis Deviation

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17
Q

What would a chest XR show for ASD?

A

cardiomegaly with right heart enlargement

18
Q

What is the most common type of VSD?

A

Peri-membranous VSD (hole in the membranous part of the ventricular wall)

19
Q

What would a CXR show for VSD?

A

Cardiomegaly from pulmonary hypertension?

20
Q

How are VSDs treated?

A

Diuretcs, and Digoxin (maybe)

21
Q

Where is the ductus arteriosus found in the foetus

A

An embryological channel between the aorta and pulmonary artery

22
Q

What happens in Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A

The ductus arteriosus remains open in the child’s body

23
Q

What percentage of CHDs do patent ductus arteriosus represent?

A

5-10%

24
Q

What heart sounds can be heard in patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Wide pulse pressure

Machine like, continous murmur

25
Q

How is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) managed?

A

Diuretics and a PDA closure device?

26
Q

What is hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

A

A CHD that presents at birth in which the left side of the heart is critically underdeveloped. This causes the left side to be inefficient in pumping blood around the body.

27
Q

What is the pathology of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)?

A

The left ventricle is either not present or incredibly small.

28
Q

Is HLHS a cyanotic or acyanotic condition?

A

Cyanotic

29
Q

What are some symptoms of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?

A

Cyanosis

Tachypnoea or Dyspnoea

Poor feeding

Cold extremities

30
Q

There are 5 surgical methods to treat Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. What are they?

A

Atrial Septostomy

Norwood procedure

Bidrectional Glenn procedure

Fontan procedure

Heart transplant

31
Q

What is an Atrial Septostomy?

A

A surgical procedure in which a hole is made in the atrial wall

(used to treat hypoplastic left heart syndrome)

32
Q

What is the Norwood procedure?

A

It is a procedure that allows blood to be pumped from the right ventricule to the lungs and to the rest of the body.

Used to treat hypoplastic left heart syndrome

33
Q

When is the Norwood procedure usually done?

A

Within the first 2 weeks of life

34
Q

When is the bidirectional Glenn procedure usually done?

A

In the first 3-6 months of the child’s life

35
Q

What is the bidirectional Glenn procedure?

A

Comes after the norwood procedure

It is a procedure that allows the right ventricle to prioritise the aorta in terms of delivering blood to the body.

The procedure also results in body from the body being directed to the lungs so that it can be oxygenated directly.

(thus the end result for blood movement is:

body -> lungs -> right side of heart -> aorta -> body)

36
Q

When is the Fontan procedure usually carried out?

A

In the first 18 months to 4 years of life

37
Q

What is the Fontan procedure?

A

The second part of the Glenn procedure in which the inferior vena cava is connected to the pulmonary arteries thus directing blood from the body to the lungs.

38
Q

What is Trisomy 13 called?

A

Patau’s Syndrome

39
Q

What is the prognosis for Trisomy 13?

A

Usually fatal in the first year of life (only 8.6% cases make it past the first year of life).

40
Q

List some clinical features of Trisomy 13?

A

Microcephaly

CHDs

Midline facial defects (cyclopia etc)

Malformed ears

Small for gestational age

41
Q

What is Trisomy 18 called?

A

Edward’s Syndrome

42
Q

What is Trisomy 21 called?

A

Down’s Syndrome

Paediatrics (10 decks)

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