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cardiorespiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

list 4 properties of the arteries

A
  • carry blood away from heart
  • thick elastic walls permit continuous flow
  • blood flow is created by the beating of the heart
  • main arteries branch into arterioles which in turn branch into microscopic capillaries
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2
Q

list 2 properties of the capillaries

A
  • reach every cell of the body

- thin walls composed of a single layer of cells

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3
Q

list 3 properties of the veins

A
  • carry blood to the heart
  • valves are positioned at regular intervals in the veins to prevent back flow
  • blood flow is created by the contraction of muscles
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4
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

cardiac output=stroke volume x beats per minute

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5
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood that the heart can circulate in one minute

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6
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

the right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior vena cavae and the inferior vena cavae and it pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

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7
Q

what is systematic circulation

A

left side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumps it out through the aorta to the body

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8
Q

what are 4 main functions of the blood

A

pump blood around the body
regulate body temp
transport nutrients
protect the body

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9
Q

what are platelets

A

responsible for blood clotting

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10
Q

function of erythrocytes

A

transportation of nutrients and oxygen to cells, and carbon dioxide to waste products from the cells

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11
Q

what is plasma

A

watery part of the blood in which cells and substances are suspended

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12
Q

what are white blood cells

A

move to sites of infection to destroy bacteria and disease causing organisms

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13
Q

what are 4 functions of the respiratory system

A
  • deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs
  • gaseous exchange within the lungs
  • creates speech
  • facilitate sense of smell
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14
Q

what are the 3 sections of the respiratory system

A
  • air passages
  • lungs
  • diaphragm
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15
Q

what are the 5 air passages

A
  • nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
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16
Q

describe the process of gaseous exchange

A
  1. air flows in and out of the alveoli as we breathe
  2. the artery brings deoxygenated blood into the capillaries
  3. carbon dioxide diffuses from the higher concentration in the blood to the lower concentration in the air in the alveolus
  4. oxygen diffuses from the higher concentration in the alveolus to the lower concentration in the blood
  5. oxygenated blood leaves the capillaries of the alveoli and is taken to the heart in the veins from the lungs
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17
Q

where does gaseous exchange take place

A

the alveoli of the lungs

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18
Q

why are alveoli only one cell thick

A

to allow for exchange of gases to occur quickly

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19
Q

what are the functions of plasma

A

transports components blood, including cells, nutrients, waster, hormones, proteins and antibodies through the body

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20
Q

what do the valves prevent

A

back flow of blood into the ventricles

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21
Q

what is the pulmonary veins role

A

bring oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs

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22
Q

what is the differences between the arteries and veins

A

the arteries carry blood away from the heart while the veins carry blood toward the heart
arteries have elastic fires to allow the arteries to stretch to accomodate extra blood and contract and push blood into the arteries
veins do not have muscular, elastic walls meaning they are unable to contract

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23
Q

describe the cardiac cycle

A
  1. diastole: muscles of atria and ventricles relax to allow blood from the veins to flow through the atria into the ventricles until all the cavities of the heart are filled.
  2. atrial systole: the atria contracts and forces blood into the ventricles so that they are filled under pressure
  3. ventricular systole: ventricles contract and force blood past the valves into the arteries under pressure at the same time the muscles of the atria relax and blood from the veins begins to fill them

the cycle is then repeated

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24
Q

what is blood pressure

A

the force exerted by the blood against the artery walls as it is pumped around the body

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25
Q

what is blood pressure necessary for

A

maintain a constant flow of blood to all body tissues

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26
Q

describe what happens to blood pressure when the arteries contract and relax

A

the flow and pressure of the blood rise
falls and refills

results in a series of ‘waves’

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27
Q

what is systolic and diastolic pressure

A

systolic - height of pressure peaks

diastolic - lowest pressure

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28
Q

name 3 factors that affect blood pressure

A

change in body position
emotions and physical exertion
low blood pressure after sleep

29
Q

what measures blood pressure and what is it measured in

A

sphygmomanometer

millimetres of mercury (mmHg)

30
Q

describe the manual method of taking blood pressure

A
  1. cuff positioned on upper arm and stethoscope placed over main artery just below cuff
  2. air is pumped into the cuff and this compresses the brachial artery to temporarily shut off the blood flowing through it
  3. pressure is slowly released as the mercury column gradually falls. when the air pressure in the cuff reaches peak of blood pressure in the artery, small amounts of blood flow through the artery under the cuff with each heart beat. this causes a thudding sounds which can be heard in the stethoscope. the position of mercury when these sounds are heard is the systolic pressure
  4. more air is released from the cuff until the thudding sound can no longer be heard through the stethoscope. the reading on the mercury column when the sound disappears indicated the diastolic pressure
31
Q

what covers the lungs

A

pleural membrane

32
Q

describe the diaphragm structure

A

involuntary smooth muscle, forming the base of the chest cavity, contracts and relaxes to control breathing

33
Q

list 4 characteristics of inspiration

A

external intercostal muscles contract to lift ribcage
diaphragm contracts to become flatter
air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure in lungs
lung volume increases

34
Q

list 4 characteristics of expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles contract to lower ribcage
diaphragm relaxes to become dome shaped
lung volume decreases
air flows from higher pressure in lungs to lower pressure outside

35
Q

how does atmospheric pressure relate to breathing mechanics

A

when inspiration is occurring the pressure of air in the lungs must be lower than the atmospheric pressure outside the body

when expiration is occurring the air pressure in the lungs is greater than the atmospheric pressure outside the body

36
Q

what is the resting lung volume for an avg sized person

A

3L

37
Q

what is the forced max inspiration

A

6L

38
Q

what is the forced max expiration

A

1L

39
Q

what must there be for gas exchange to occur

A

concentration gradient

40
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

the amount of air in the lungs following maximum inspiration

41
Q

how is total lung capacity calculated

A

vital capacity of lungs to the residual volume

42
Q

define vital capacity

A

greatest volume of air that can be expired after a max inspiration

43
Q

define residual volume

A

volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forced max expiration

44
Q

define tidal volume

A

amount of air inspired and expired with each normal breath

45
Q

define inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air inspired during a forced inspiration, following normal inspiration

46
Q

define expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be expired during a forced expiration following normal expiration

47
Q

what happens when food is digested

A

it is broken down into chemical compounds

48
Q

what are carbs, fats and proteins used to form

A

chemical compound called adenosine triphosphate

49
Q

what order are the 3 chemical compounds used for for ATP muscle contraction

A

carbs
fats
proteins

50
Q

describe the two systems of the anaerobic pathway

A

lactic acid energy system

ATP-CP energy system

51
Q

determine the order of supply of energy for the 3 energy systems

A

ATP-CP
Lactic Acid
Aerobic

52
Q

determine how much ATP is produced for each energy system

A

ATP-CP - very limited
Lactic acid - limited
aerobic - unlimited

53
Q

what are each energy system used for

A

ATP-CP - high power activity, up to 10 seconds
Lactic acid - activities of 1-2 mins
Aerobic - long duration endurance activities

54
Q

what is oxygen deficit

A

the amount of oxygen you are consuming is exceeding the amount you are intaking

55
Q

what is VO2 max

A

an individual’s capacity for aerobic ATP production

56
Q

finish the sentence

the greater the intensity

A

the greater the oxygen debt

57
Q

list 3 things oxygen debt is providing oxygen to perform

A

remove lactic acid
supply oxygen to heart and lungs
replenish ATP-CP stores

58
Q

describe consumptions of low GI foods

A

slowly digested and absorbed, causing a slower and smaller rise in blood sugar levels

59
Q

describe 3 of the body’s immediate effects of physical activity

A
  1. increased cardiac output
    - more blood needs to be circulated when doing physical activity because muscles require more fuel and oxygen in order to produce energy for muscles. the blood carries the necessary oxygen and fuel, so more blood flows
  2. increased gaseous exchange
    - the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and alveoli is increased threefold from resting levels
  3. increased stroke volume
    - the amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat, increases during activity, this occurs because more venous blood is being returned to the heart from the muscles
60
Q

describe 2 long term adaptations of the cardiorespiratory system

A
  1. faster recovery rate
    - the result of an increase in size and number of vessels carrying blood to and from the working muscles. this means that the muscles have a plentiful supply of oxygen and their waste products can be removed faster
  2. increased blood volume and haemoglobin
    - the result of an increase in plasma volume and red blood cell count stimulated by exercise. this means that more oxygen can be transported from the lungs to the working muscles and carbon dioxide can be removed more rapidly from the muscles
61
Q

describe 2 long term adaptations of the musculoskeletal system

A
  1. improved posture
    - the result of a better muscle tone and increased muscle strength
  2. increased flexibility
    - the result of increased resting length of the muscles, tendons and ligaments and therefore increased range of joint movement at specific joints
62
Q

list the 5 health-related components of fitness

A 
cardiorespiratory endurance
muscular strength
muscular endurance
flexibility
body composition
63
Q

list 6 performance-related components of fitness

A 
speed
power
agility
reaction time
coordination
balance
64
Q

list the 5 training principles

A 
specificity 
progressive overload
training thresholds
individual differences
reversibility
65
Q

list the 6 types of training

A 
anaerobic
aerobic
strength
speed 
power 
flexibility
66
Q

list 6 methods of training

A 
strength
interval
plyometric
circuit
flexibility
fartlek
continuous
67
Q

what is a concentric action

A

muscles shorten and joint movement occurs as tension develops

68
Q

what is an eccentric action

A

when an external resistance is greater than the muscle force and the muscle lengthens while developing tension

69
Q

what is an isometric action

A

when a muscle generated force and attempt to shorten but cannot overcome external resistance

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