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pes atar > biomechanics > Flashcards

biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

what is biomechanics

A

the study of forces and their effect on humans in exercise and sport

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2
Q

what is linear motion and provide an example

A

occurs when all points on the body move the same distance, in the same direction at the same time , 100m sprint

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3
Q

what is angular motion and provide an example

A

when all points on a body or object move in circles about the same fixed central axis

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4
Q

what is general motion and provide an example

A

a combination of linear and angular motions e.g. swimming freestyle

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5
Q

define displacement

A

the distance between start and finish of motion. also has direction

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6
Q

define speed

A

rate at which a body moves from one location to another. s = distance/time

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7
Q

define velocity

A

speed in a given direction
v = displacement/time. has a direction

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8
Q

define acceleration

A

is the rate which the velocity changed with respect for time

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9
Q

define uniform acceleration

A

an object that is increasing its acceleration at a constant rate

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10
Q

what is a trajectory

A

the path that a projectile follows through the air

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11
Q

what is horizontal motion

A

the horizontal distance a body travels whilst in the air = range of the projectile

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12
Q

what is vertical motion

A

the vertical motion imparted on an object at the moment of release

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13
Q

what factors effect projectile range

A

velocity of release
angle of release
height of release

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14
Q

what is velocity of release

A

the result of the horizontal velocity and vertical velocity upon release of the projectile.

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15
Q

what is angle of release

A

determines the shape of the trajectory, usually between 0 and 90 degrees.

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16
Q

what determines the angle of release

A

the activity/sport

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17
Q

what is the greatest possible theoretical distance

A

45 degrees

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18
Q

give two different sporting examples for the height of release

A

basketball - shooting above your head will be negative
shot-put - landing on flat ground the release will be positive

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19
Q

what happens when you increase the height of release

A

greater flight time and greater flight distance if the velocity and the angle remain constant

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20
Q

what factors affect the trajectory of a projectile

A

air resistance and spin

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21
Q

what is angular distance

A

the total angle passed through the body

22
Q

what is angular displacement

A

angle passed through from initial and final position

23
Q

equation for angular speed

A

angular distance/time

24
Q

equation for angular velocity

A

angular displacement/time

25
Q

what is angular acceleration

A

the rate at which the angular velocity changes over time

26
Q

what is newtons first law of motion

A

a body at rest will remain at rest or constant speed until a force is acted upon it

27
Q

what is the law of inertia

A

the tendency of an object to resist angular motion

28
Q

how can you reduce inertia

A

decrease either the mass or radius of the object

29
Q

what is newtons second law of motion

A

force = m x a

30
Q

what is an impulse

A

a change in an objects momentum

31
Q

give an example of how to change an objects momentum

A

when your hands catch a ball, you are changing the momentum of the ball

32
Q

what is newtons third law

A

every action has an equal or opposite reaction

33
Q

give an example of newtons 3rd law

A

when you push against a wall, the wall will exert equal force back onto you

34
Q

what is force summation

A

the combination of forces produced by different parts of the body

35
Q

what is the purpose of force summation

A

achieve maximum force/acceleration and apply it to an object or the human body

36
Q

what are the two types of force summation

A

sequential, simultaneous

37
Q

how can simultaneous force summation be seen

A

when a sprinter explosively moves multiple body parts at the same time

38
Q

define simultaneous force summation

A

when body parts are moved at the same time to perform an action

39
Q

define sequential force summation

A

when body parts move in a sequence to produce the desired degree of force

40
Q

what are the 4 principles of sequential force summation

A
  1. use as many body parts that relate to the movement as possible
  2. body parts should move in a sequence - larger muscles move before smaller muscles
  3. muscles need to be used with the correct timing
  4. all the muscles used must go through their greatest range of motion to achieve maximum acceleration
41
Q

what are factors that affect someone’s balance

A

base of support, centre of gravity, point of contact on the ground

42
Q

why do we manipulate forces on us

A

to maintain our balance in stationary and dynamic positions

43
Q

what does base of support refer to

A

the area beneath an object or person including every point of contact that the person makes with the surface supporting them

44
Q

increase in number of points of contact =

A

increase in base of support size

45
Q

spreading out points of contact =

A

increase in base of support size

46
Q

what is centre of gravity

A

the hypothetical point through a body where gravity is acting upon

47
Q

a body will remain balanced as long as…

A

the centre of gravity is within the bodies base of support

48
Q

what will lowering your centre of gravity do

A

increase your overall balance

49
Q

what is static balance

A

being able to maintain a stationary position throughout the movement

50
Q

what is dynamic balance

A

having the ability to maintain your balance while in motion

pes atar (5 decks)

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