Cardiopulmonary Conditions Flashcards
Purpose of the systems
Perfusion of body cells
- Oxygen
- Nutrients
- Hormones
- Carries waste away from cells
Types of circulation
Pulmonary Circulation
- Blood to supply the heart
- Loops the lungs and heart together
- Blood leaves the right ventricle (right side of the heart) and goes to the lungs back to the L atrium
Systemic Circulation
- Blood to all body parts
- Blood leaves the left ventricle (left side of the heart) and goes to the body structures except the lungs and back to the right atrium
Vital signs
Pulse or Heart Rate (HR)
- Adults 60-100bpm
* Arrhythmia-abnormal heart beat
> Greater than 100=Tachycardia
> Below 60 Bradycardia
> Afib-out of rhythm
- Increases with activity
- Slower in fit people, faster in kids
Blood Pressure (BP)-average 120/80
- Blood pressure cuff: sphygmomanometer
- Systolic - top number (most indicative of heart disease)
- Diastolic - bottom number
- Hypertension (emergent 180/120)
Respiration Rate (RR)
- 12-20 inhalations per min
O2 Saturation (o2 sat)
- Pulse oximeter (96-100%)
- Hypoxemia
Temperature
- Axillary, oral or rectal
- 97-99º (98.6º)
Types of hypertension
Primary
- No specific cause; gradual onset
- Often lifestyle: weight, diet, activity
Secondary
- Due to a disease or disorder: kidney failure
- Other medication
- Pregnancy
- Often asymptomatic
Can cause stroke or myocardial infarction
Blood pressure norms
Management of hypertension
Fix the cause
- Lifestyle
- Diet
- Smoking
- Activity
- Alcohol
Medications
- Diuretics (end in “ide”): Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide
- ACE inhibitors (end in “pril”): Lisinopril, Enalapril
Coronary artery disease
Arteries to the heart become damaged
- Usually due to atherosclerosis
- Often confused with arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
One of the most common cardiac disorders in the world
Etiology:
- Inflammatory disease
- Linked to genetics
- Lifestyle
- Age
- High blood pressure
- Stress
Angina
- Stable: trigger, few minutes, stop with rest, not emergent
- Unstable: may or may not have a trigger, continue with rest
- Nitroglycerin stops it
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Diagnosed:
- Echocardiogram
- Stress test
- Angiogram
- Heart catheterization
Difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
- Plaque buildup on the wall that can result in them breaking off and lodging into the coronary artery resulting in angina leading to myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome
Arteriosclerosis
- Wall causes the inability of the vessels to dilate or react to increase oxygen demand resulting in angina leading to myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome
Intervention for CAD
Control factors
- Blood pressure
- Diabetes
Cholesterol - modifying medications
- “Statins”- Lipitor
* Side effects: Dizziness, digestive issues
Blood thinners (bleed easier for longer)
- Lasixs
Angioplasty
- Open the artery-balloon (pushes plaque against the wall)
- Stent (stops plaque from forming)
Coronary artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
- Saphenous vein in leg
- Sternal Precautions (6-8wks)
* No pushing, pulling or lifting over 5#
* Cough pillow to decrease pain when coughing
Congestive heart failure
Progressive Condition
- Hearts ability to pump blood effectively to tissues, due to ventricle function decreases
Etiology
- Infections
- Diabetes
- Thyroid
- Obesity
- Lifestyle
Symptoms
- Dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
* Worse when lying down (orthopnea)
- Edema in extremities
- Chest pain
- Swelling of legs, hands, and feet
- Sudden weight gain
- Sudden fatigue or weakness
- Dizziness
Management
- Medications
- Blood thinners
- Lifestyle changes
- Exercise within parameters
- Heart transplant
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Group of progressive lung disorders
- Emphysema: long term exposure to toxins, alveoli become ineffective, no expiratory or inspiratory volume
- Chronic Bronchitis: mucus production due to inflammation
- Irreversible airflow obstruction
Etiology:
- Smoking
- Toxins
- Environmental (pollution)
- History of asthma
- Age 40+
Symptoms:
- Chronic cough
- Fatigue
- Dyspnea
- Cyanosis
- Chest tightness
- Wheezing
- Weight loss
Tidal volume
Normal volume about 500cc
Inspiratory reserve volume
the “extra” you can force about 3000cc
Expiratory reserve volume
the amount you can force out after tidal volume 1100cc
Myocardial Infarction
Blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced or blocked
- Heart muscle dies (necrosis)
- Cardiac arrest
Most often caused by
- Atherosclerosis
- Drug use
- Coronary artery dissection
* Spontaneous or violent
- Electrical disturbance in the body
50% die within an hour of onset
Diagnosis: EGG
Intervention:
- Aspirin
- Nitroglycerin -stops pain not blood loss
- Stop cause
* Surgical
