Cardiophysiology: Pathogenesis of Obesity

Question 1

What happens to adipocytes when they experience excessive growth?

Answer 1

Apoptosis and necrosis which leads to inflammation.

Question 2

What are leptin’s functions?

Answer 2

Reduces appetite (binds to neurons in the brain)

Affects milk production

Affects fetal growth

Question 3

Why do fat cunts still eat so much with so much fat?

Answer 3

Obese people develop leptin resistance.

Question 4

What happens to leptin levels during cardiac failure and ischaemia?

Answer 4

they rise independently of obesity

Question 5

What is the other effect that leptin has on the brain?

Answer 5

Acts on the ventromedium hypothalamus which acts on the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 6

What effect does increased leptin have on sympathetic activity and how does it do this?

Answer 6

The ventromedium hypothalamus does not lose sensitivity as quickly as the neurons in the brain responsible for appetite do.. As a result sympathetic activity increases

Question 7

What happens to lean animals when acutely given leptin?

Answer 7

Increased natriuresis

Increased NO production

Decrease in Na+ transporter expression and as a result less Na+ retention

Question 8

What happens in animals with chronic hyperleptinaemia?

Answer 8

Increase in sodium retention.

NO deficiency

Increase in renal oxidative stress

Question 9

What is TNF-alpha?

Answer 9

Pro inflammatory cytokine produced by immunocytes

Question 10

What is TNF-alpha produced in response to?

Answer 10

Leptin

Question 11

What cells produce TNF-alpha?

Answer 11

monocytes and macrophages

Question 12

What does weight loss do to TNF-alpha levels?

Answer 12

It drops TNF-alpha levels which decreases insulin resistance.

Question 13

What is the function of TNF-alpha?

Answer 13

Pro inflammatory

Correlated with insulin resistance

Question 14

What effect does increased TNF-alpha have in obese people?

Answer 14

An increase in TNF-alpha causes people to develop metabolic conditions more often

Question 15

What conditions result from too much TNF-alpha?

Answer 15

TNF-alpha is associated with increase in acute and chronic ischaemia and heart failure.

TNF-alpha induces migration, inflammation, and apoptosis of smooth muscle and this is associated with vascular degeneration.

Adhesion molecule formation

Question 16

How does TNF-alpha cause vascular degeneration?

Answer 16

TNF-alpha induces migration, inflammation, and apoptosis of smooth muscle

Question 17

What is adiponectin?

Answer 17

Anti-inflammatory adipokine that is reduced in obese individuals and higher in lean individuals.

Question 18

What is low adiponectin a marker of?

Answer 18

Type 2 diabeetus

Left ventricular hypertrophy

myocardial infarction

coronary artery disease

Question 19

How is adiponectin reduced?

Answer 19

It is reduced in obese individuals by leptin and tnf-alpha expression

Question 20

What does adiponectin do?

Answer 20

Reduces inflammation

exerts protective effects on endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes

Question 21

What happened to knock out mice after they were given adiponectin?

Answer 21

Revascularization of ischaemic limbs

Reduced cerebral reperfusion injuries

Question 22

What happens to blood pressure in adiponectin deficient mice?

Answer 22

Salt-sensitive hypertension develops.

Nitric Oxide production is reduced resulting in less vasodilation and in turn higher blood pressure

Question 23

What effect does adiponectin have on atherosclerosis?

Answer 23

overexpression inhibits in lesion formation

Deficiency augments atherosclerosis

Question 24

What happens to insulin resistance with high adiponectin levels?

Answer 24

it is reduced

Question 25

Why are scientists so focused on adipokines?

Answer 25

Adipokines are associated with the development

of numerous obesity-related illnesses

Question 26

What weight loss is considered successful?

Answer 26

success if you loose 10% initial body weight and don’t regain more
than 3 kg in 2 years

Question 27

What conditions result from obesity during pregnancy in the fetus?

Answer 27

pre-eclampsia

gestational diabetes

gestational hypertension

DVT in mother

Question 28

What are the odds of keeping weight off after losing it after being overweight?

Answer 28

1/210 for men

1/124 for women

Question 29

What are the odds of keeping weight off after losing it after being severely obese?

Answer 29

1/290 for men

1/677 for women

Question 30

What happens to offspring if mother is overweight?

Answer 30

Maternal obesity programs metabolic dysfunction in offspring

Maternal obesity increased risk of congenital heart defects in children

In rats maternal obesity,

persistent hypertension

Basal renal SNS activity

Question 31

What tissue produce leptin?

Answer 31

the placenta, the GIT mucosa, and the mammary gland.

Question 32

What is growth restriction in utero?

Question 33

What are the causes of growth restriction in utero?

Answer 33

Uteroplacental insufficiency (Western world)

Maternal undernutrition (Third world)

Question 34

What happens to offspring that are growth restricted during adulthood?

Answer 34

Decrease in nephron number at birth

Decrease in cardiomyocyte number

Hypertension

Decrease in beta cell number

Glucose tolerance

Increase in amount of visceral and abdominal fat

Question 35

What is transgenerational programming?

Answer 35

Disease outcomes are exacerbated when mother or father were obese prior to conception of the fetus.

Question 36

What are second-hits?

Answer 36

Disease outcomes in individuals born small are exacerbated by other lifestyle factors

Question 37

What are some examples of second-hits?

Answer 37

Diet

Age

Lifestyle

Pregnancy

Being male (science is sexist >.>)

Question 38

What effect did exercise during pregnancy have?

Answer 38

Exercise reduces the effect of a high fat diet and decreased dorsal fat, glucose intolerance.

No changes in plasma leptin were observed