🫀 Cardiology & Resuscitation Flashcards
Veins
Blood vessels that carry de-oxygenated blood INTO to the heart from the body’s tissues.
Towards the heart
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood AWAY from the heart to the body’s tissues.
Away from the heart
Superior Vena Cava (SVC)
A large vein that carries oxygen-poor blood from the upper half of the body to the heart’s right atrium.
Superior = closer to the head, upper half of body.
Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)
A large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the heart’s right atrium.
Inferior - closer to the feet, below.
Atrium always pushes _____________
Down ↓
Ventricle always pushes __________
Up ↑
Tricuspid Valve
The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle that keeps blood flowing in the proper direction.
Mitral Valve
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle that keeps blood flowing in the proper direction.
CHF
Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive Heart Failure
When the heart fails to pump properly.
Pulmonary Edema
Fluid is building up in the lungs, normally due to the left-side of the heart failing and backing up into the lungs.
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- High Cholesterol
Jugular Vein Distention (JVD)
A visible bulge in the large vein that runs down the right side of the neck. It occurs when blood can’t flow properly and backs up in the vein, increasing pressure.
Right-Sided Heart Failure Symptoms
- Jugular Vein Distention (swelling of large vein in the neck.
- Peripheral Edema (swelling of legs and ankles)
- Ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen)
- Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)
Left-Side Heart Failure Symtoms
- Pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs)
- Dyspnea (Shortness of breath)
- Orthopnea (difficulty breathing when lying down)
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (sudden nighttime shortness of breath)
- Fatigue and weakness
Ascites
(Uh-SITE-teez)
Fluid build up in the abdomen.
Peripheral Edema
Swelling of the legs and ankles, often due to right side heart failure or issues.
Hepatomegaly
(HEP-uh-toe-MEG-uh-lee)
Enlarged Liver
Pulmonary Edema
Fluid build up in the LUNGS.
Dyspnea
Shortness of Breath
Orthopnea
(Or-THOP-nea)
Difficulty breathing while lying down (supine position)
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
Sudden night time shortness of breath.
Systolic
The pressure of blood in your arteries DURING heart contractions.
Diastolic
The pressure of blood in your arteries IN-BETWEEN contractions of the heart. (Relax phase)
Pre-Load
The force that stretches the ventricles BEFORE contraction. Ventricle filling up with blood. 120-130mL.
After-Load
The resistance the heart must OVERCOME to pump blood out of the LEFT ventricles into the aortic valve.
Contractility
The heart muscle’s ability to contract and generate force to pump blood.
Automaticity
The hearts ability to generate electrical impulses on its own without external stimulation.
Cardiac Output (CO)
The amount of blood pumped in one minute (L/min)
Stroke Volume (SV)
The amount of blood ejected per contraction (mL)
(50-100mL)
Cardiac Output Equation
CO = SV x HR
Ejection Fraction
How well your heart pumps blood OUT of the left ventricle to the Aorta.
(Normal = 50-75%)
End-Diastolic Volume
The amount of blood that is in the ventricles just BEFORE the heart contracts.
Jugular Vein Detention
Swelling of the large vein in the neck.
Mean Arterial Pressure
(Formula)
MAP = DP + 1/3(SP-DP)
Myocardial Infarction
Heart Attack
Cause of M.I.?
When a coronary artery is blocked, causing no blood flow to the heart muscle.
Stable Angina
Chest pains that stop with rest.
Unstable Angina
Chest pains persists even with rest.
Symptoms Silent M.I.
Weakness, epigastric pain, or indigestion. Common in elderly patients, women, diabetics, and alcoholics.
Cardiac Tamponade
Pressure on the heart caused by fluid collecting in the sac surrounding the heart.
Hypertensive Crisis
Systolic BP higher than 180 and/or diastolic BP higher than 120.
Becks Triad
- Jugular Vein Detention (JVD)
- Muffled Heart Sounds
- Hypotension
Acute Coronary Syndrome consists of these two conditions:
- Myocardial Infarction
- Unstable Angina
Atherosclerosis
The build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls.
Thromboembolism
Part of a blood clot that breaks off and travels through the bloodstream
