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Cardiology > Cardiology Overview > Flashcards

Cardiology Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation will not affect which chambers of the heart?

A

ventricles (little or no innervation)

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2
Q

Pacers of the heart:

Dominant pacemaker of the heart

60-100 bpm

A

SA node

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3
Q

Only normal pathway between atria and ventricles

Has delay = ventricular filling

A

AV node

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4
Q

What is the dominant pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

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5
Q

Splits into right and left bundles

A

Bundle of His

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6
Q

Line entire endocardial surface of ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

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7
Q

If SA node fails – what are the backups?

A

Atria
AV junction
ventricles

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8
Q

Arises from right aortic sinus and runs in the AV groove at crux of heart, turns south and becomes PDA

A

Right coronary artery

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9
Q

Arises from left aortic sinus of the ascending aorta, passes between LA and pulmonary artery

Supplies left atrium

A

Left coronary artery

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10
Q

Cardiac output

A

stroke volume X heart rate

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11
Q

What are the stroke volume factors and their contributions?

A

Preload +
Contractility +
Afterload –

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12
Q

This part of the brain controls blood pressure by generating sympathetic firing, integrates cardiovascular reflexes, integrates signals from neural networks/circulating hormones and drugs

A

Medulla

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13
Q

Released from atria when stretched (increase in blood volume)

Leads to higher Na+ excretion = decreased blood volume

A

ANP – atrial natriuretic peptide

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14
Q

Released when sympathetic nervous system is activated

A

Epinephrine

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15
Q

Hormonal control of blood pressure:

Decreased blood pressure and decreased volume = triggered release

This catalyzes conversion of A 🡪 A1 (A1 converted to A2 by ACE)

This is released during blood loss even before fall in arterial pressure

A

renin

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16
Q

Hormonal control of blood pressure:

vasoconstriction of the arteries only (powerful vasoconstrictor)

Increases Na+ reabsorption (decreased excretion) in proximal tubules

Releases aldosterone which promotes Na+ reabsorption in distal tubules

A

Angiotensin II

17
Q

Hormonal control of blood pressure:

Released by ANG-II

Promotes water reabsorption

Enhances NE release, decreased NE uptake, sensitizing vascular smooth muscle to NE

A

AVP

18
Q

Sudden relaxation in skeletal muscles, decreased respiration,
unconsciousness

Can be triggered by emotional experiences

Increased parasympathetic, decreased SAS 🡪 bradycardia

A

Vasovagal syncope

19
Q

Where exchange takes place

Includes arterioles, capillaries, venuoles

Begins where smallest arteries enter organ and ends where smallest veins leave organ

A

Microcirculation

20
Q

Responsible for vascular resistance (70-80%)

A

Arteries and arterioles

21
Q

Exchange; endothelial tube – no smooth muscle

Moves through pores; porosity of capillaries differ in organs (ex: liver vs BBB)

A

Capillaries

22
Q

Blood reservoir

More permeable than caps to large and small molecules

A

Venuoles

23
Q

Microvessels carrying fluid, serum proteins, lipids, foreign substances from interstitial fluid back to
circulation

GI, liver, skin 🡪 most extensive lymphatic systems (pulmonary circulation as well)

A

Lymphatic system

24
Q

Ventricular contraction is called what?

A

Systole

25
Q

Ventricular relaxation is called what?

A

Diastole

26
Q

Which heart sound is described below?

Early systole, mitral and tricuspid closes

Best heard at the apex

Normal heart sound

A

S1

27
Q

Which heart sound is described below?

End of systole, pulmonary and aortic valves close

Comprised of A2 and P2 - Fused with expiration, split with inspiration

A

S2

28
Q

Which heart sound is described below?

Part of what makes up S2

Occurs first

louder

Heard throughout the precordium

A

A2: aortic

29
Q

Which heart sound is described below?

Part of what makes up S2

Occurs second

softer

Heard best at the 2nd and 3rd left ICS

Close to the sternum (listen for splitting of S2 here)

A

P2: pulmonic

30
Q

Which heart sound is described below?

Early in diastole

“ventricular gallop”

Has to do with volume overload states - (normal in kids and pregnancy, abnormal in adults)

A

S3

31
Q

Which heart sound is described below?

Pressure overload

Late in diastole

Always pathological

“atrial gallop”

A

S4

32
Q

Describe the pathway of the normal conduction cycle of the heart

A

SA node 🡪 AV node 🡪 AV bundle (bundle of His) 🡪 L and R bundle
branches of the interventricular septum 🡪 Purkinje fibers

33
Q

Name and describe the three layers of the heart

A

Endocardium - Inner, Lining of endothelial cells

Myocardium - Muscle

Epicardium - Outer, Visceral pericardium

34
Q

Oblique ear lobe crease (often) bilateral in patients >50 years
old 🡪 significant CAD also presence of preauricular crease

A

Lichtstein’s Sign

35
Q

5th ICS, MCL or 7-9cm lateral to midsternal line

A

Point of Maximal Impulse

Cardiology (13 decks)

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