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Cardiology > Cardiology Cells and Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiology Cells and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What distance must all cells be from a nurturing capillary?

A

200 micrometers

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2
Q

What is the tunica adventitia?

A

outermost covering, mostly CT, vasa vasorum “vessels of the vessles”
nervi vascularis teh nerve supply of a blood vessel

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3
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle cells and connectivee tissue

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4
Q

What is the the tunica intima?

A

innermost covering of blood vessels
endothelium with basal lamina,plus connective tissu
endothelial cells connected by tight junctions

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5
Q

What is the epicardium of hte heart?

A

simple squamous mesothelium with connective tissue.

Blood vessels and nerves enter heart here

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6
Q

Where do blood vessels and nerves enter the heart at what layer?

A

enter at the epicardium ~ tunica adventitia

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7
Q

What is myocardium

A

cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts; layer at coronary arteries and veins

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8
Q

What layer contains the cardiac myocytes and cardiac fibroblasts?

A

myocardium ~tunica media

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9
Q

What is the endocardium?

A 
~tunica intima
simple squamous endothelium/basal lamina + connective tissue
cardiac conduction (Purkinje cells) in the sub-endocardium
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10
Q

What is the thickest covering of veins?

A

tunica adventitia

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11
Q

What is the thickest part of the arteries?

A

tunica media, with prominet elastin and smooth muscle cells

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12
Q

What is the main function of large elastic arteries?

A

during diastole to maintain blood pressure

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13
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

dangerous outpocketings of the tunica media of the large arteries

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14
Q

Medium arteries are characterized by what?

A

presence of prominent external elastic lamina in tunica adventitia; prominent layer of 40 SMCs in tunica media; tunica intima has a prominent elastic lamina

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15
Q

Where do a large number of atehrosclerotic plaques form?

A

medium arteries

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16
Q

What are the plaques of atherosclerotic plaques are formed by what two cell types?

A

macrophages which migrate to sites of endothelial cell wall damage where they ingest lipid and smooth muscle cells which migrate to tunica intima where they proliferate and take up LDL

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17
Q

What are lipid laden macrophages and smooth muscles cells called?

A

foam cells; form arter-blocking plaques

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18
Q

What is phlebitis?

A

inflammation of a vein usually in the leg, which can be a prelude to thrombosis

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19
Q

Valves in medium veins are fromed by what?

A

folds of tunica intima which project into lumen

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20
Q

Small arteries and arterioles have what size lumen?

A

less than 50 micrometers which allows approximately 6-7 RBCs to passs through

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21
Q

How many layers of SMCs do arteries and arterioles have?

A

arteries have 8 layers of SMCs

arterioles have about 2 layers of SMCs

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22
Q

Where do leukocytes enter tissue space?

A

in post-capillary venules; 50 micrometer lumen enter via diapedesis

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23
Q

what are capillaries composed of?

A

single layer of endothelial cells with its basal lamina

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24
Q

What are continuosu capillaries and where are they located?

A

in heart, skeletal muscle, CNS, lungs
continuous denotes endothelial cells with tight junctions. Have pinocytotic vessels (except in CNS) that transport from BV lumen to adjacent CTs

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25
Q

What are pinocytic vessels?

A

transport stuff from BV lumen to adjacent CT;

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26
Q

What is fenestrated capillaries?

A

type II; located in endocrine organs, GI tract, kidney; ~100 nm diameter windows that represent permanent pinocytic vesicles; large proteins

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27
Q

What are sinusoidal capillaries?

A

located in bone marrow, liver, spleen

discontinouous; basal lamina also discontinous; filter out whole RBS

28
Q

What are the funciton of capillary endothelial cells?

A

exchange gases and nutrients; gases go directly through membrane; nutrients thru caipllary endotheliums pinocytic vesciles fenestrations and discontinuities

29
Q

What are the vasoactive factors of endothelial cells

A

vasoactive:endothelin

nitric oxide

30
Q

What are the grwoth facotrs that endothelial cells produce?

A

fibroblast growth factor
platelet derived growth factors
interleukins

31
Q

What are lymphatics?

A

lymphatics are present in all tissues, except bone marrow and CNS. Very very leaky vessels. lymphatic fluid is composed of WBCs and lipids

32
Q

What factors cause angiogenesis?

A

cell membrane receptors:
VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor)
FGFR (fibroblast growht factor receptor)
TIE-2 recceptor (stim by angiopoietin)

33
Q

What factors inhibit angiogenesis?

A

angiostatin from plasminogen

endostatin from collagen XVIII

34
Q

What is pro-angiogenic therapy?

A

ability to induce new vascular supply would greatly assis the management of diseases such as ischemic heart disease and diabetes

35
Q

What is the role of anti-angiogenic therapy?

A

substance of cancerous tumors requires a vascular supply. Anti-angiogenic inhibitors may provide a therapeutic intervention to starve tumors to death.

Endostatin is an example

36
Q

What is Bevacizumab?

A

a monoclonal antibody that binds VEGF; used to treat colo-rectal, breast and non-small cell lung tumors; used in combination with thalidomide

37
Q

Cardiac tissue is comosed of waht three cell types?

A

cardiac myocytes
endothelial cells (including endocardium adn inner linings)
cardiac fibroblasts

38
Q

How are cardiomyocytes similar to skeletal muscle?

A

each one surrounded by a basal lamina
striated
mechanism of contraction and types of contractile proteins are similar

39
Q

What are the differences between cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscles?

A

involuntary contraction
smaller
nucleus is centrally located wiht only 1-3 nuclei
bifurcate, skeletaal only branch only when theyre sick
cardiac tissue is very highly vascularized and chock full of mitos
intercalated discs
enriched in glycogen

40
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Specialized by intercellular structures that are present only in cardiomyosytes
intercellular attachments enable cardiac myoctes together, discs on adjacent cell appear to forma staircase across the myocardium

41
Q

What is the transverse part of intercalated disc?

A 
transmits contractile force.
essentially half z band consist of:
fascia adherens
desmosomes
actin filaments butt into these half z bands akin to sonula adherens; major protein in fascia adherins is N-cadherin
42
Q

What is the lateral part of the cardiomyocyte intercalated disc?

A

transmits cell to cell signals; signaling is acomplished via nexues which funciton to maintain rythm; and desmosomes

43
Q

How is singaling accompished between cardiomyocytes?

A

nexuses

44
Q

Where are cardiomyocytes smaller?

A

smaller in atria as compared to ventricle with less sarcomere structure

45
Q

What does ANF do?

A

atrial natriuretic factor; cause kidney eliminate water and sodium vasodilation

46
Q

Where are the SA and AV nodes located?

A

riht atrium

47
Q

What is the structure of hte SA and AV nods?

A

node myoctes are smalled embedded in dense connective tissue. have few myofibirls
AV bunde of His contains large Purkine myoctes that have few myocytes and copious glycogen

48
Q

What causes myocytes to differentiate in purkinje cells?

A

endothelin

49
Q

What is thee structure of hte endocardium?

A

inner lining of heart that lines lumens of ventricles; endothelial cells

50
Q

What are the cardiac fibroblasts?

A

most abundant cell type in the heart

51
Q

How are the energy requirements forcardiac myocytes?

A

triglycerides stored in membrane bound lipid droplets

20 times concentration mito than skeltal muscle

52
Q

What is the M-line of cardiomycotes contain for diagnosiis?

A

contain MB isoform of creatine kinase (MB-CK) which is diagnositc for MIs

53
Q

What is diagnostic of MIs?

A

MB-CK as well as Troponin-I; MM-CK from skeletal muscle is indicative of muscular dystrophy

54
Q

What is the chrnology of a heart attack?

A
  1. myocyte death: starts immediately apoptosis/necrosis begins (MB-CK adn cTNI release)
  2. inflammation 15 hours later
  3. wound healing 2-3 days leter mediated by cardiac fibroblasts
  4. angiogenesis 2-4 days induce by VEGF and FGF
  5. Scar formation
55
Q

What are the three layers of the pericardium?

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium
parietal layer of serous percardium
fibrous pericardium

56
Q

What are the arteries off the left coronary artery?

A

left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery

57
Q

What are the arteries off the right coronary artery?

A

right marginal artery

posterior interventricular artery

58
Q

What does the LAD travel with?

A

great cardiac vein

59
Q

What does the right marginal branch of the right coronary artery travel with?

A

small cardiac vein

60
Q

What does the posterior interventricular artery travel with?

A

middle cardiac vein

61
Q

What is the heart innervated by sympathetic?

A

postganglionic fibers come ffrom upper chain ganglia (3 cervical and T1-T5)

62
Q

What are the afferents from the heart?

A

enter spinal cord T1-T5

63
Q

What are the cardiac parasympathetic innervation?

A

vagus nerve- motor controol over HR and SV

64
Q

Where is the cardiac plexus?

A

near tracheal bifurcation and ligamentum arteriosum

65
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of heart failure?

A 
inadequate cardiac output:
fatigue
cool extremeties
mental obtundation
organ dysfunction (kidneys liver)
Tissue Congestion:
dyspnea
pedal edema
ascites

Cardiology (12 decks)

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