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Cardiology > Cardiology Cells and Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiology Cells and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What distance must all cells be from a nurturing capillary?

A

200 micrometers

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2
Q

What is the tunica adventitia?

A

outermost covering, mostly CT, vasa vasorum “vessels of the vessles”
nervi vascularis teh nerve supply of a blood vessel

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3
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle cells and connectivee tissue

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4
Q

What is the the tunica intima?

A

innermost covering of blood vessels
endothelium with basal lamina,plus connective tissu
endothelial cells connected by tight junctions

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5
Q

What is the epicardium of hte heart?

A

simple squamous mesothelium with connective tissue.

Blood vessels and nerves enter heart here

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6
Q

Where do blood vessels and nerves enter the heart at what layer?

A

enter at the epicardium ~ tunica adventitia

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7
Q

What is myocardium

A

cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts; layer at coronary arteries and veins

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8
Q

What layer contains the cardiac myocytes and cardiac fibroblasts?

A

myocardium ~tunica media

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9
Q

What is the endocardium?

A 
~tunica intima
simple squamous endothelium/basal lamina + connective tissue
cardiac conduction (Purkinje cells) in the sub-endocardium
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10
Q

What is the thickest covering of veins?

A

tunica adventitia

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11
Q

What is the thickest part of the arteries?

A

tunica media, with prominet elastin and smooth muscle cells

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12
Q

What is the main function of large elastic arteries?

A

during diastole to maintain blood pressure

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13
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

dangerous outpocketings of the tunica media of the large arteries

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14
Q

Medium arteries are characterized by what?

A

presence of prominent external elastic lamina in tunica adventitia; prominent layer of 40 SMCs in tunica media; tunica intima has a prominent elastic lamina

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15
Q

Where do a large number of atehrosclerotic plaques form?

A

medium arteries

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16
Q

What are the plaques of atherosclerotic plaques are formed by what two cell types?

A

macrophages which migrate to sites of endothelial cell wall damage where they ingest lipid and smooth muscle cells which migrate to tunica intima where they proliferate and take up LDL

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17
Q

What are lipid laden macrophages and smooth muscles cells called?

A

foam cells; form arter-blocking plaques

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18
Q

What is phlebitis?

A

inflammation of a vein usually in the leg, which can be a prelude to thrombosis

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19
Q

Valves in medium veins are fromed by what?

A

folds of tunica intima which project into lumen

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20
Q

Small arteries and arterioles have what size lumen?

A

less than 50 micrometers which allows approximately 6-7 RBCs to passs through

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21
Q

How many layers of SMCs do arteries and arterioles have?

A

arteries have 8 layers of SMCs

arterioles have about 2 layers of SMCs

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22
Q

Where do leukocytes enter tissue space?

A

in post-capillary venules; 50 micrometer lumen enter via diapedesis

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23
Q

what are capillaries composed of?

A

single layer of endothelial cells with its basal lamina

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24
Q

What are continuosu capillaries and where are they located?

A

in heart, skeletal muscle, CNS, lungs
continuous denotes endothelial cells with tight junctions. Have pinocytotic vessels (except in CNS) that transport from BV lumen to adjacent CTs

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25
What are pinocytic vessels?
transport stuff from BV lumen to adjacent CT;
26
What is fenestrated capillaries?
type II; located in endocrine organs, GI tract, kidney; ~100 nm diameter windows that represent permanent pinocytic vesicles; large proteins
27
What are sinusoidal capillaries?
located in bone marrow, liver, spleen | discontinouous; basal lamina also discontinous; filter out whole RBS
28
What are the funciton of capillary endothelial cells?
exchange gases and nutrients; gases go directly through membrane; nutrients thru caipllary endotheliums pinocytic vesciles fenestrations and discontinuities
29
What are the vasoactive factors of endothelial cells
vasoactive:endothelin | nitric oxide
30
What are the grwoth facotrs that endothelial cells produce?
fibroblast growth factor platelet derived growth factors interleukins
31
What are lymphatics?
lymphatics are present in all tissues, except bone marrow and CNS. Very very leaky vessels. lymphatic fluid is composed of WBCs and lipids
32
What factors cause angiogenesis?
cell membrane receptors: VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) FGFR (fibroblast growht factor receptor) TIE-2 recceptor (stim by angiopoietin)
33
What factors inhibit angiogenesis?
angiostatin from plasminogen | endostatin from collagen XVIII
34
What is pro-angiogenic therapy?
ability to induce new vascular supply would greatly assis the management of diseases such as ischemic heart disease and diabetes
35
What is the role of anti-angiogenic therapy?
substance of cancerous tumors requires a vascular supply. Anti-angiogenic inhibitors may provide a therapeutic intervention to starve tumors to death. Endostatin is an example
36
What is Bevacizumab?
a monoclonal antibody that binds VEGF; used to treat colo-rectal, breast and non-small cell lung tumors; used in combination with thalidomide
37
Cardiac tissue is comosed of waht three cell types?
cardiac myocytes endothelial cells (including endocardium adn inner linings) cardiac fibroblasts
38
How are cardiomyocytes similar to skeletal muscle?
each one surrounded by a basal lamina striated mechanism of contraction and types of contractile proteins are similar
39
What are the differences between cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscles?
involuntary contraction smaller nucleus is centrally located wiht only 1-3 nuclei bifurcate, skeletaal only branch only when theyre sick cardiac tissue is very highly vascularized and chock full of mitos intercalated discs enriched in glycogen
40
What are intercalated discs?
Specialized by intercellular structures that are present only in cardiomyosytes intercellular attachments enable cardiac myoctes together, discs on adjacent cell appear to forma staircase across the myocardium
41
What is the transverse part of intercalated disc?
``` transmits contractile force. essentially half z band consist of: fascia adherens desmosomes actin filaments butt into these half z bands akin to sonula adherens; major protein in fascia adherins is N-cadherin ```
42
What is the lateral part of the cardiomyocyte intercalated disc?
transmits cell to cell signals; signaling is acomplished via nexues which funciton to maintain rythm; and desmosomes
43
How is singaling accompished between cardiomyocytes?
nexuses
44
Where are cardiomyocytes smaller?
smaller in atria as compared to ventricle with less sarcomere structure
45
What does ANF do?
atrial natriuretic factor; cause kidney eliminate water and sodium vasodilation
46
Where are the SA and AV nodes located?
riht atrium
47
What is the structure of hte SA and AV nods?
node myoctes are smalled embedded in dense connective tissue. have few myofibirls AV bunde of His contains large Purkine myoctes that have few myocytes and copious glycogen
48
What causes myocytes to differentiate in purkinje cells?
endothelin
49
What is thee structure of hte endocardium?
inner lining of heart that lines lumens of ventricles; endothelial cells
50
What are the cardiac fibroblasts?
most abundant cell type in the heart
51
How are the energy requirements forcardiac myocytes?
triglycerides stored in membrane bound lipid droplets | 20 times concentration mito than skeltal muscle
52
What is the M-line of cardiomycotes contain for diagnosiis?
contain MB isoform of creatine kinase (MB-CK) which is diagnositc for MIs
53
What is diagnostic of MIs?
MB-CK as well as Troponin-I; MM-CK from skeletal muscle is indicative of muscular dystrophy
54
What is the chrnology of a heart attack?
1. myocyte death: starts immediately apoptosis/necrosis begins (MB-CK adn cTNI release) 2. inflammation 15 hours later 3. wound healing 2-3 days leter mediated by cardiac fibroblasts 4. angiogenesis 2-4 days induce by VEGF and FGF 5. Scar formation
55
What are the three layers of the pericardium?
visceral layer of serous pericardium parietal layer of serous percardium fibrous pericardium
56
What are the arteries off the left coronary artery?
left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery
57
What are the arteries off the right coronary artery?
right marginal artery | posterior interventricular artery
58
What does the LAD travel with?
great cardiac vein
59
What does the right marginal branch of the right coronary artery travel with?
small cardiac vein
60
What does the posterior interventricular artery travel with?
middle cardiac vein
61
What is the heart innervated by sympathetic?
postganglionic fibers come ffrom upper chain ganglia (3 cervical and T1-T5)
62
What are the afferents from the heart?
enter spinal cord T1-T5
63
What are the cardiac parasympathetic innervation?
vagus nerve- motor controol over HR and SV
64
Where is the cardiac plexus?
near tracheal bifurcation and ligamentum arteriosum
65
What are the signs and symptoms of heart failure?
``` inadequate cardiac output: fatigue cool extremeties mental obtundation organ dysfunction (kidneys liver) Tissue Congestion: dyspnea pedal edema ascites ```

Cardiology (12 decks)

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