Cardiology

Question 1

Pulmonary vasculature resistance is ___ in fetal circulation than neonatal

a. higher
b. lower

Answer 1

a. higher

Question 2

Prostaglandin E2 concentration is ___ in fetal circulation than neonatal

a. higher
b. lower

Answer 2

a. higher

Question 3

The lungs are bypassed in fetal circulation by what 3 shunts?

Answer 3

ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale
ductus venosus

Question 4

The ___ connects the inferior vena cava to the intrahepatic portion of the umbilical vein.

Answer 4

ductus venosus

Question 5

The ___ connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta

Answer 5

ductus arteriosus

Question 6

What is the right to left shunt?

Answer 6

blood from right atrium passes through the foramen ovale into the left atrium and into systemic circulation

Question 7

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome symptoms begin when ___ closes

Answer 7

patent ductus arteriosus

Question 8

What condition is characterized by small to nonexistent left ventricle and narrow aorta?

Answer 8

hypo plastic left heart syndrome

Question 9

Tetralogy of fallot:

The degree of symptomatology is based on the severity of __

Answer 9

pulmonary stenosis

4 lesions:

• pulmonary artery stenosis
• ventricular septal defect
• overriding aorta
• right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 10

Surgical or interventional repair for hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

Answer 10

Norwood procedure
bidirectional Glenn
fontan

Question 11

Goal of preoperative pharmacotherapy for transposition of the great arteries is to maintain the ___

Answer 11

patent ductus arteriosus

to ensure that oxygenated blood flows from pulmonary artery into the aorta

Question 12

___ infusion is preoperative pharmacotherapy for transposition of the great arteries

Answer 12

prostaglandin E1

Question 13

Titration of preoperative prostaglandin E1 infusion for transposition of the great arteries?

Answer 13

0.03 - 0.1 mcg/kg/min every >= 20 mins

Question 14

What is indication of therapeutic response to prostaglandin E1 infusion in pts with restricted systemic blood flow and acidosis?

a. increase in BP and pH
b. increase in oxygenation

Answer 14

a. increase in BP and pH

Question 15

What is indication of therapeutic response to prostaglandin E1 infusion in pts with restricted pulmonary blood flow?

a. increase in BP and pH
b. increase in oxygenation

Answer 15

b. increase in oxygenation

Question 16

4 main acyanotic heart diseases:

Answer 16

atrial septal defect
coarctation of the aorta
patent ductus arteriosus
ventricular septal defect

Question 17

___ is narrowing of the aorta, categorized as preductal or postductal

Answer 17

coarctation of the aorta

acyanotic

Question 18

Spontaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus is more common in __

a. term infants
b. preterm infants

Answer 18

b. preterm infants

Question 19

What is main surgery for patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 19

ductus ligation

Question 20

3 agents for PDA closure?

Answer 20

indomethacin
ibuprofen
acetaminophen

Question 21

Which is given for PDA pharmacotherapy?

a. fluids
b. fluid restriction
c. diuretics
d. NSAIDs

select 3

Answer 21

b, c, d

Question 22

What is monitored for ibuprofen and indomethacin use in PDA pharmacotherapy?

Answer 22

urine output

Question 23

Which PDA closure agent is only IV

Answer 23

indomethacin