Cardiology

Question 1

Causes for valvular disease

Answer 1

Degeneration, Bicuspid, Congenital,

AS: Rheumatic fever (not IE)
AR: IE, Rheumatic fever, Dissection, Dilation, Aortitis
MR: Infection, connective tissue diseases, Functional MR, infiltration

Question 2

AS differential diagnosis

Answer 2

HOCM, VSD, Aortic sclerosis (doesn’t radiate) Flow murmur

Question 3

Causes of collapsing pulse

Answer 3

Pregnancy, PDA, Pagets disease, Anaemia, Thyrotoxicosis

Question 4

When to replace an AR valve

Answer 4

SOB (NYHA >II), Pulse pressure >100MMHG, ECG changes (lateral T waves), LV enlargement, or reduced EF

Question 5

Mitral valve prolapse

Answer 5

Fairly common, especially in young tall women.
Associated with connective tissue diseases
Often asymptomatic
Mid systolic ejection click
Louder on valsalva

Question 6

Constrictive pericarditis

Answer 6

Surgery, Radiotherapy, Connective tissue diseases, infection, Dresslers (post MI)

Question 7

HOCM

Answer 7

Jerky pulse, Double apex impulse, ESM, s4, louder during valsalva