Cardiology Flashcards
Four pathologies in tetralogy of Fallot?
Ventricular septal defect
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Risk factors for tetralogy of Fallot?
Rubella infection
Increased age of mother
Alcohol consumption in pregnancy
Diabetic mother
Investigations in tetralogy of Fallot?
Echocardiogram
Chest x-ray boot shaped heart
Management in tetralogy of Fallot?
Prostaglandin infusion in neonates can help
Open heart surgery
Syndrome associated with coarctation of the aorta?
Turner’s syndrome
Syndrome associated with pulmonary stenosis?
Noonan syndrome
Syndrome associated with supravalvular aortic stenosis?
Williams syndrome
4 innocent murmurs?
Still’s murmur
Pulmonary outflow murmur
Carotid bruits
Venous hum
Common features of innocent murmurs?
Soft Short Systolic Symptomless Situation dependent
Investigations in cardiology?
ECG Blood pressure O2 saturation Chest x-ray Echo Exercise testing
Ventricular septal defects?
Subaortic
Perimembranous
Muscular
(L to R shunt)
Presentation of ventricular septal defects?
Pansystolic murmur, lower left sternal edge
Sometimes with thrill
Causes of pansystolic murmur are?
Ventricular septal defect
Mitral regurgitation
Tricuspid regurgitation
VSD closure?
Amplatzer or other occlusion device
Patch closure open heart surgery
Increased risk in VSD?
Infective endocarditis
Atrial septal defects?
Ostium secondum
Patent foramen ovale
Often discovered in adulthood
Complications of an ASD?
Can cause stroke from a DVT, not a pulmonary embolism
Presentation of ASD?
Wide fixed splitting of 2nd heart sound, pulmonary flow murmur
Treatment of ASD?
Transvenous catheter closure
Open heart surgery
(anticoagulants to reduce risk of stroke in adults)
Atrioventricular septal defect?
Ostium primum
Associated with trisomy 21
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Mild - asymptomatic
Moderate/severe - exertional dyspnoea and fatigue
Ejection systolic murmur upper left sternal border, radiating to back
Treatment for pulmonary stenosis?
Balloon valvuloplasty
Congenital aortic stenosis?
Mostly asymptomatic
Worse on exertion
Examination finding in aortic stenosis?
Ejection systolic murmur, upper right sternal border with radiation into carotids
Treatment for aortic stenosis?
Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty
Surgical aortic valvotomy
Valve replacement
Patent ductus arteriosus?
Common in preterm infants
In term babies good chance of spontaneous closure
Treatment of patent ductus arteriosus?
Monitor until age 1
If not closed, close using umbrella device transcatheter
Coarctation of the aorta?
associated with?
Narrowing of the aortic arch, increasing pressure before the stricture and decreasing pressure after the stricture
(Turners)
Management of coarctation of the aorta?
Prostaglandins can be used to maintain ductus arteriosus while waiting for surgical resection
Balloon aortoplasty? depending on severity
Transposition of the great arteries?
Aorta and pulmonary trunk transposed, creating two closed circuits
Presentation of TGA?
Antenatal screening
or
Cyanosis of foetus when ductus arteriosus starts to close
Management of TGA?
Switch procedure
