cardiology

Question 1

What is the mechanism of edema formation with cardiac tamponade?

Answer 1

Increase in hydrostatic pressure

Question 2

What is characteristic of the jugular vein with cardiac tamponade apart from distention?

Answer 2

No jugular pulse

Question 3

What is the origin of the normal/physiological jugular pulse?

Answer 3

Mitral valve closing

Question 4

Give one differential for congestive heart failure in the bovine?

Answer 4

LSA, valvular endocarditis

Question 5

Which heart sound (Systolic/diastolic) may be split in the bovine?

Answer 5

Systolic because there is asynchronous closure and the left heart contracts more strongly than the right heart

Question 6

What is the most common cause of a murmur in calves?

Answer 6

Ventricular septal defect

Question 7

How does endotoxin cause edema?

Answer 7

increase capillary permeability

Question 8

Which organ show most edema associated with endotoxin?

Answer 8

lung

Question 9

Which bacteria is most commonly associated with valvular endocarditis?

Answer 9

Turpurella pyogenes

Question 10

What is mechanism of a positive pole test pole test?

Answer 10

Fibrin attachment pulls on the peritoneum and it causes activation of the nociceptors

Question 11

What symptoms should alert you as to the presence of a bacteremia?

Answer 11

AV valve murmur and shifting lameness

Question 12

Name one blood test which may alert you as to the presence of a low grade bacteremia.

Answer 12

Hyperglobuliniemia

Question 13

What would you do to lower blood potassium levels?

Answer 13

Dextrose and insulin

Question 14

Why does the heart sound soft in hypocalcemia in fresh cows?

Answer 14

Decrease contractility

Question 15

What is the blood electrolyte profile like with a ruptured bladder?

Answer 15

Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia

Question 16

Which valve is most commonly affected valvular endocarditis?

Answer 16

Right AV valve (tricuspid)

Question 17

What is the underlying mechanism in high altitude disease?

Answer 17

Chronic alveolar hypoxemia

Question 18

What deficiency in young rapid growing sheep can cause acute death?

Answer 18

Vit E/Se

Question 19

What lesion can black leg (clostridium chovii) cause in the heart?

Answer 19

Necrotizing myocarditis

Question 20

Name 2 characteristic ecg changes associated with hyperkalemia?

Answer 20

Dropped P waves and wide T waves

Question 21

What is a predisposing cause of atrial fibrillation in cattle?

Answer 21

Displaced abomasum

Question 22

What is the normal heart rate in a cow?

Answer 22

50-80bpm

Question 23

What is diagnostic on clinical examination for a cow with septic pericarditis?

Answer 23

washing machine sounds

Question 24

Name a anti-arrhythmogenic drug?

Answer 24

Lidocaine

Question 25

What is the toxic principle in fox glove causing arrhrythmia?

Answer 25

Digitalis

Question 26

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the heart?

Answer 26

Bradycardia

Question 27

What effect does organophosphates have on the heart and what antidote can be used?

Answer 27

Bradycardia. Atropine

Question 28

What is the most common heart lesion in the calf causing cyanotic mucus membranes?

Answer 28

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 29

Molybdenum can interfere with the absorption of which trace mineral?

Answer 29

Copper

Question 30

Which foreign animal disease can cause a necrotizing myocarditis in African buffalo?

Answer 30

Foot and mouth disease