Cardiology

Question 1

What are catecholamines and where do they come from?

Answer 1

Hormones made by the adrenal gland. There are three:

1) Epinephrine “Adrenaline”
2) Norepinephrine
3) Dopamine

Question 2

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Answer 2

CO= SV X HR

Question 3

What do S1, S2, S3, and S4 correspond with?

Answer 3

S1= closing of the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid)
S2= closing of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)

S3= rapid ventricular filling such as with VOLUME OVERLOAD
S4= PRESSURE OVERLOAD, non-compliant ventricles, 3rd degree AV block.

Question 4

What is the Frank Starling law?

Answer 4

The greater the cardiac volume (longer the muscle fiber length), the stronger the contractility. ie, the heart can accommodate any volume it receives. This allows the heart to compensate for heat to beat variations in volume (e.g., going from sitting to reclining= more venous return).

Question 5

Is cardiac rx usually assoc with inspiration or expiratory dyspnea?

Answer 5

Inspiratory

Question 6

Cyanosis is assoc w/which HD?

Answer 6

R to L shunt bc the blood is bypassing the lungs.

Question 7

Your or has pale mucous membranes. What should you be seriously concerned about?

Answer 7

Hypovolemic or cardiogenic shock.

Also, nervous, pain, anemia.

Question 8

What is the outcome of RAAS?

Answer 8

Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system works to increase blood volume.

1. Adrenals secrete aldosterone which increase Na retention and water retention.
2. Pituitary secretes ADH resulting in water retention.
3. Arteries vasoconstrict
4. Hypothalamus increases thirst.

Question 9

The more intense the murmur the greater severity of heart disease. T/F

Answer 9

F

Question 10

large breeds at risk of DCM + murmur= AUTOMATIC ECHO! What are the breeds?

Answer 10

Katherine’s and Jeff’s dogs.
Doberman Pinscher and Boxer’s are 90% of DCM cases.
Also, giant breeds such as Irish wolfhound/Great Dane
Cocker spaniel

Question 11

Your pt is a SB dog with a grade three murmur. What do you recommend?

Answer 11

SB dogs with dads three or greater murmur automatically get an ECHO! But rads could be good enough to determine cardiomegaly.

Question 12

Your pt is a cat with a murmur. What do you recommend?

Answer 12

Cats may have a tiny murmur but have raging heart disease so automatically they get an ECHO!