Cardiology Flashcards
level of evidence A
data derived from multiple randomised clinical trials or meta-analysis
level of evidence B
data derived from a single randomised clinical trial or large non-randomised studies
level of evidence C
consensus of opinion of experts and/or small studies, retrospective studies, registries
causes of heart failure
coronary heart disease
hypertension
idiopathic
toxins
genetic
HF-REF (systolic heart failure)
section fraction of less than 40%
- younger
- more often male
- coronary aetiology
HF-REF (systolic heart failure)
section fraction of less than 40%
- younger
- more often male
- coronary aetiology
HF-PEF (diastolic heart failure)
ejection fraction of over 50%
- older
- more often female
- hypertensive aetiology
when the neurohumoral activation takes place in heart failure what does it result in
systemic vasoconstriction, renal sodium and water retention
when is a pleural effusion considered an exudate substances
with protein more than 30g and LDH over 200IU also needs a pH of less than 7.1
how much fluid must be present for a pleural effusion to be detected on X-ray
175ml for a chest PA x-ray
500ml for a supine x-ray
what causes cardiac injury during rheumatic valve disease
generated by the recurrent inflammation and fibrinous repair and scarring
its an antibiotic cross-reactivity affecting the connective tissue
volume overload results in
increased chamber size
pressure overload results in
hypertrophy
signs of mitral stenosis
diastolic murmur
heaving apex
signs of heart failure
quiet second heart sound
sounds like a bounding badoom badoom
signs of mitral regurgitation
pan systolic murmur
quiet first heart sound
displaced apex beat
signs of heart failure
like boom shhhh dragging sound
