Cardiology Flashcards
1
Q
Heart sounds
S1
A
- closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
- soft if long PR or mitral regurg
- loud in mitral stenosis
2
Q
Heart sounds
S2
A
- closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
- soft in aortic stenosis
- splitting during inspiration is normal
3
Q
Heart sounds
S3
A
- caused by diastolic filling ventricle
- normal if <30
- heard in LVHF e.g. dilated cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis (pericardial knock), mitral regurgitation
4
Q
Heart sounds
S4
A
- aortic stenosis, HOCM, hypertension
- caused by atrial contraction against a stiff ventricle (coincides with the P wave on ECG)
5
Q
Reversible causes of cardiac arrest
- pneumothorax
What kind of arrest rhythm
A
- pulseless electrical activity
6
Q
ECG P wave changes
A
- increased P wave amplitude in cor pulmonale
- broad, notched bifid P wave: pronounced in lead II due to mitral stenosis (enlargement of left atria)
- absent P waves in AF
7
Q
Mitral regurg associations
Mitral valve prolapse
A
- Marfan’s syndrome and Ehlers- Danilo’s syndrome, PCKD
- pansystolic murmur due to AR
8
Q
Causes of postural hypotension
A
- hypovolaemia
- autonomic dysfunction: diabetes, Parkinson’s
Drugs: diuretics, antihypertensives, L-dopa - alcohol
9
Q
Features of autonomic dysfunction
A
- postural hypotension
- loss of respiratory arrhythmia
- erectile dysfunction
10
Q
Warfarin
A
- prolonged prothrombin time
- normal aptt
11
Q
What is a trifasicular block
A
- RBBB + left anterior or posterior hemiblock + 1sr degree heart block
12
Q
Murmurs
Ejection systolic
A
- tetralogy of fallot Louder on expiration - AS, HOCM Louder on inspiration - PS, ASD
13
Q
Murmurs (pansystolic)
A
- mitral/ tricuspid regurg
- VSD
14
Q
Late systolic
A
- mitral valve prolapse
- coarctation of aorta
15
Q
Early diastolic
A
- AR
