Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SDL > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

S1 Heart sound:

  1. What is the sound?
  2. What does this sound indicate?
  3. What valves of the heart are closing when this soudn occurs?
A
  1. Lub
  2. This sound marks the end of diastole or the start of systole
  3. The sound is caused by the mitral and tricupsid valves closing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

S2 Heart sounds:

  1. What is the sound?
  2. What does this sound indicate is happening?
  3. Which valves cause this noise?
A
  1. Dub
  2. This sound indicates the end of systole or the start of diastole
  3. When the aortic and pulmonary valves close
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Abnormal S1 sounds:

  1. What does a loud S1 sound indicate?
  2. What does a soft S1 indicate?
  3. What does a split S1 indicate?
A
  1. Mitral stenosis
  2. Mitral regurgitation
  3. Right bundle branch block
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Abnormal S2 sounds:

  1. What does a S2 split on expriation but not on inspiration indicate?
  2. What does a loud S2 sound indicate?
A
  1. Left bundle branch block

2. Pulmonary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Added heart sounds:

  1. What does a S3 sound indicate?
  2. What does a S4 heart sound inidcate?
A
  1. left ventricular faliure

2. hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, ischaemic cardiomyopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Heart murmurs:

  1. Where does aortic stenosis casue radiation?
  2. Where does tricupsid regurgitation casue radiation?
  3. Where does mitral regurgiation radiate?
A
  1. Carotid arteries
  2. anterior right thorax
  3. left axilla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Arotic stenosis:

  1. Where is it best heard?
  2. Describe what you would hear on auscillation?
  3. How do the peripheral pulses feel?
  4. What type of murmur is it?
A
  1. Right sternal boarder, 2nd ICS
  2. S1, Ejection click, crescendo-decrescendo murmur and then S2
  3. weak and delayed
  4. Systolic murmur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Arotic stenosis:

  1. Where is it best heard?
  2. Describe what you would hear on auscillation?
  3. How do the peripheral pulses feel?
  4. What type of murmur is it?
A
  1. Right sternal boarder, 2nd ICS
  2. S1, Ejection click, crescendo-decrescendo murmur and then S2
  3. weak and delayed
  4. Systolic murmur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mitral regurgitation:

  1. Where is it best heard?
  2. Describe what you would hear?
  3. What type of murmur is it?
A
  1. the apex of the heart, 5th ICS along the mid-clavicular line
  2. S1, flat (continous pitch), S2
  3. systolic murmur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Aortic regurgitation:

  1. Where is it best heard?
  2. Describe the sounds
  3. What type of murmur is it?
A
  1. left parasternal edge
  2. S1,S2, Early disatolic decresendo then S1
  3. Diastolic murmur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mitral stenosis :

  1. Where is it best heard?
  2. Describe the sounds
  3. What type of murmur is it?
A
  1. The apex
  2. S1,S2, opening snap, decresendo mid diastolic rumble and atrial kick, S1
  3. diastolic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parts of an ECG:

Explain what the… stands for…

  1. P wave
  2. PR interval
  3. PR segment
  4. QRS complex
  5. T wave
  6. QT interval
  7. U wave
A
  1. atrial depolarisation
  2. time taken for the impulse form the sino atrial node to reach the venticles
  3. end of P wave to start of QRS complex
  4. ventricular depolarisation
  5. ventricular repolarization
  6. ventricular repolarization
  7. purkinjie fibres replorazation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chest leads and thier anatomy:

What view…

  1. V1, V2
  2. V5 , V6
  3. V3 , V4
A
  1. Septal leads
  2. Lateral leads
  3. Anterior leads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What arteries do each bit of the ECG correlate with?

  1. Left decending artery
  2. Right coronary artey /cicumflex artery
  3. Left anterior descending
A
  1. I, AVL, V6 and V5
  2. II, III, AVF
  3. V1, V2, V3, V4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you calculate regular rhythm?

How to calculate irregular rhythm?

A
  1. 300 divided by number of large squares between the Rs

2. The number of Rs multipied by 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are signs of Atrial fibrillation on ECG ?

A
  1. Irregularly regular
  2. Tachycardic
  3. Absent P waves
  4. fine fibrillatory waves
16
Q

What are the signs of atrial flutter on ECG?

A
  1. loss of the isoelectric line
  2. tachycardia
  3. regular ryhthem
  4. saw tooth pattern
  5. P wave
17
Q

What are the signs of a LBBB in ECG?

A

V1 - dominant S wave ‘W’

V6 - broad, notched R wave ‘M’

18
Q

What are the signs of RBBB on ECG?

A

V1 - RSR pattern - ‘M’

V6 - Widened, slurred S wave ‘W’

19
Q

What are the signs of a first degree AV block?

A

P wave followed by QRS. PR interval prolonged at a constant range.

20
Q

What is the difference between a second degree AV block type 1 and type 2 ?

A

Mobitz type 1:

  • irregular
  • P wave present followed but all followed by QRS
  • PR progressively lengthens before QRS dropped completely

Mobitz type 2:

  • irregular, maybe in set ratios
  • P waves present but not all followed by QRS
  • prolonged PR interval but not contiually getting longer
21
Q

What is seen on a third degree or complete heart block on an ECG?

A

no association between the atrial and ventricular activity

22
Q

Stable angina:

  1. What is it?
  2. What are some of the casues?
  3. What are the risk factors?
  4. How is it diagnosed?
  5. What are the treatment options ?
A
  1. Episodic chest pain caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart
  2. Atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, genetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  3. Smoking, hypertension, high in fat diet, family history of CAD
  4. ECG when taken during the epsiode of angina can sometimes show an ST segment depression and inversions of T waves
  5. The first line of treatment includes offering patients with a sublingual short-acting nitrate and either a beta-blocker or a calcium channel blocker
23
Q

Unstable angina:

  1. What is it?
  2. What are some of the casues?
  3. What are the symptoms/signs?
  4. How is it diagnosed?
  5. What are the treatment options ?
A
  1. Episodic pain that occurs unpredicatbley and rapidly worsens.
  2. The main casuses are linked to atherosclerotic plaques as a thrombosis is formed
  3. Same as stable angina but occur at rest. Levine’s sign = clenched fist held over the chest
  4. Serial tropnins and ECG. ECG - ST segment depression adn T wave inversions
  5. Clopidogrel and aspirin
24
Q

Myocardial infarctions:

  1. Pathology/Causes
  2. Types
  3. Complications
  4. Diagnostics
  5. Managment
A
  1. Essentially the death of cardiac muscle cells due to the lack of oxygen rich blood. e.g. casued by athersclerotic plaques etc.
  2. STEMI - The coronary artery is fully blocked, ECG shows ST elevation and possible pathological Q waves

NSTEMI/unstable angina - the coronary artery is not fully blocked

  1. DARTH VADER
D - Death 
A - Arrythmia 
R - Rupture of the paillary muscle 
T - Tamponade 
H - Heart faliure 
V - Valve disease 
A - Aneurysm of ventricle 
D - Dressler's syndrome 
E - thromboEmbolism 
R - Regurgitation mitral 
4. 
Cardiac enzymes: 
-Troponin T (more specific) 
-Troponin I 
- CK-MB - detect reinfarction after an intial MI

ECG enzymes:
- ST elevation, T wave inversion and Q waves

  1. Managment:
    STEMI:
  2. Urgent PCI to reperfuse the heart with either catheterization and thrombolysis

Afterwards its managed with Heparin, aspirin and clopidrogel, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors and statins

25
Q

Peripheral disease is when either the arteries or veins aside of the coronary vasculaure narrow due to atherosclerosis. Explian the difference between arterial and venous peripheral disease.

  1. Pulse
  2. Appearence
  3. Temprature
  4. Cap refill time
  5. Hardness
  6. Edema
  7. Sensation/pain
A
  1. A - reduced/absent
    V - normal
  2. A - Ulcers that are deep and regular boarders, mostly on bony prominences, skin is shiny and brittle nails. Elevation pallor.

V - Ulcers with irregular boarders, most commonly near the medial malleolus, hemosiderin buildup under the skin leading to brawn skin

  1. A - Cool
    V - warm
  2. A - more than 3 seconds
    V - less than 3 seconds
  3. A- Soft, thin skin
    V - Hardened, leathery skin
  4. A - not present
    V - present
  5. A - intermittent claudaication, painful ulcers

V - dull ache releived by elevation, painful ulcers

26
Q

What are the management options for peripheral disease of the lower limbs ?

  1. intermittent caludication
  2. critical limb ischaemic pain
A
    • supervised exercise
    • angioplasty
    • angioplasty and stent placing
    • paracetamol

SDL (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions