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fourth year last min prep > cardio stuff > Flashcards

cardio stuff Flashcards

1
Q

how is WPW treated

A

by accessory pathway ablation

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2
Q

what is the most common ECG change in PE

A

sinus tachycardia

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3
Q

what can beta blockers combined with verapamil cause

A

profound bradycardia and systole

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4
Q

what is used for symptomatic bradycardia if atropine fails

A

external pacing

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5
Q

what type of drug means that a patient would need to stop statins

A

macrolide antibiotic

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6
Q

are VF and VT shockable or not

A

shockable

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7
Q

what does ruptured AAA present with

A

present acutely with sudden onset epigastric pain that may radiate to the back, pulsatile mass in abdomen can be felt

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8
Q

who is AAA screening offered to

A

men > 65yrs

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9
Q

how do you diagnose angina

A

clinical history and diagnosis

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10
Q

what can AF predispose a patient to

A

thromboembolism and stroke

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11
Q

athlete suddenly collapses

A

hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

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12
Q

AF on an ecg

A

irregularly irregular QRS and a ragged baseline

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13
Q

atrial flutter on an ecg

A

regular narrow complex tachycardia with saw-tooth baseline

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14
Q

what must serum potassium be below before commencing spironolactone

A

4.5

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15
Q

what is the first line for hypertension in type 2 diabetes

A

ACEi

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16
Q

how many cusps does the aortic valve have

A

3

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17
Q

opening of what valve causes a biphasic waveform in the jugular venous pulse

A

pulmonary valve

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18
Q

what drug improves mortality rates in a patient with heart failure

A

ramipril (ACE inhibitors)

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19
Q

where do mitral sounds radiate

A

the axilla

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20
Q

where do aortic sounds radiate

A

the carotids

21
Q

what valve sounds are loudest on expiration

A

mitral and aortic

22
Q

what valve sounds are loudest on inspiration

A

pulmonary and tricuspid

23
Q

what is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy

A

alcohol abuse

24
Q

shutting of what valve causes a biphasic waveform in the jugular vein

A

tricuspid valve

25
Q

where does the thoracic duct drain into

A

left venous angle

26
Q

how do you calculate ejection fraction

A

SV/end diastolic volume

27
Q

which type of blood vessel has the highest SVR

A

arterioles

28
Q

what does creatine kinase test for

A

MI

29
Q

what is duplex USS used to investigate

A

AAA

30
Q

what connects iliac arteries to the placenta

A

umbilical artery

31
Q

what allows blood to move from the right atrium to the left atrium

A

foramen ovale

32
Q

what do you do if a patient has an INR > 8

A

stop warfarin, give intravenous vitamin K 1-3mg, repeat dose of vitamin K if INR high after 24 hours, restart when INR < 5.0

33
Q

what could indicate aortic dissection

A

Tearing chest pain, a diastolic murmur (suggesting aortic regurgitation) and a widened mediastinum

34
Q

signs of hyperkalaemia

A

painful bones, renal stones, abdominal groans and psychic moans

35
Q

what would be seen on an echocardiogram in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

A

apical ballooning of myocardium (resembling an octopus pot)

36
Q

what should be offered as part of the broad lifestyle approach to heart failure

A

annual influenza vaccine

37
Q

what should all patients with an NSTEMI receive as initial treatment

A

300mg of aspirin

38
Q

what hormone does the heart produce under stretched conditions

A

BNP

39
Q

what does a pulsus paradoxus heart sound indicate

A

cardiac tamponade

40
Q

how should hyponatraemia be treated at first

A

by restricting fluid intake

if this fails then saline

41
Q

what does muffled heart sounds probably mean

A

fluid in the pericardial sac, so cardiac tamponade

42
Q

first line investigation for heart failure

A

serum BNP levels

43
Q

what causes elevated JVP with large V waves and a pansystolic murmur

A

tricuspid regurgitation

44
Q

whats another name for left anterior descending artery

A

anterior interventricular artery

45
Q

what is the preferred management for prevention of CVD

A

atorvastatin
80 mg for type 2 diabetes
20mg everyone else

46
Q

whats the pulse in septic shock like

A

bounding

47
Q

can you get T wave inversion in SVT

A

yes

48
Q

when do the microscopic changes of an acute MI first become visible

A

12-24 hours after the infarct

49
Q

whats an indication for a permanent pacemaker

A

third degree AV block

fourth year last min prep (13 decks)

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