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fourth year last min prep > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

acromegaly management

A

trans-sphenoidal surgery

octreotide (somatostatin analogue)

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2
Q

anaesthesia

A

opiate (remifentil)

induction agent (propfol)

muscular blockade (rocoronium)

sevofluarane

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3
Q

z-score is adjusted for

A

age, gender, and ethnic factors

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4
Q

autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

positive direct antiglobulin test (Coombs’ test)

1st line: corticosteroids (reduce the amount of circulating antibodies causing haemolysis)

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5
Q

seizures management

A

myoclonic
females: levetiracetam
males: sodium valproate

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6
Q

Sheehan’s syndrome

A

postpartum hypopituitarism

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7
Q

Saturday night palsy

A

radial nerve palsy

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8
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

ejection systolic murmur due to bicuspid aortic valve

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9
Q

placenta accreta -> increta -> percreta

A

myometrium -> invade myometrium -> invade perimetrium

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10
Q

ankle swelling

A

dihydropyridines (amlodipine, felodipine)

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11
Q

acute delirium

A

oral haloperidol

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12
Q

pituitary apoplexy

A

bleeding/infarction within the pituitary macroadenoma

IV hydrocortisone

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13
Q

unilateral sensorineural deafness or tinnitus

A

acoustic neuroma

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14
Q

vertigo, tinnitus + sensorineural deafness

A

Meniere’s disease

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15
Q

haemochromatosis

A

fatigue, erectile dysfunction and arthralgia

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16
Q

postpartum haemorrhage secondary to uterine atony

A

mechanical

medical: oxytocin, ergometrine, carboprost and misoprostol

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17
Q

knee pain after exercise, locking and ‘clunking’

A

Osteochondritis dissecans

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18
Q

Branchial cyst

A

present during intercurrent upper respiratory tract infection

smooth swelling in between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the pharynx.

fluctuant but doesn’t transilluminate or move during swallowing.

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19
Q

Thyroglossal cyst

A

painless, midline, cystic swelling noted in the region of the hyoid bone.

moves upwards upon swallow or tongue protrusion

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20
Q

nephritic syndromes

A

IgA glomerulonephritis

post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

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21
Q

nephrotic syndromes

A

minimal change disease

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

membranous glomerulonephritis

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22
Q

quincke’s sign

A

nailbed pulsation - clinical sign of aortic regurgitation

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23
Q

risks of an ectopic pregnancy

A

pelvic inflammatory disease - Chlamydia

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24
Q

pacemaker ecg

A

presence of long straight lines preceding QRS complexes

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25
Q

failure to correct childhood squints may lead to

A

amblyopia

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26
Q

COPD stages

A

stage 1: FEV 80%

stage 2: FEV1 50-79%

stage 3: FEV1 30-49%

stage 4: FEV1 <30%

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27
Q

hyperemesis gravidarum management

A

IV normal saline with potassium chloride

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28
Q

pre-renal disease

A

raised serum urea:creatinine ratio

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29
Q

hyponatraemia/ hypernatreamia correction complications

A

hyponatraemia correction - osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis)

  • spastic quadriparesis
  • pseudobulbar palsy
  • emotional lability (pseudobulbar affect)

hypernatreamia correction - cerebral oedema

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30
Q

bradycardia

A

IV atropine 500 micrograms

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31
Q

tachycardia

A

amiodarone

rate control: bisoprolol

DC cardioversion

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32
Q

SAAG gradient

A

low (<11g/L) - exudate

  • malignancy, infection, pancreatitis and nephrotic syndrome

high (>11g/L) - transudate

  • liver cirrhosis, hepatic failure, venous occlusion
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33
Q

longer-term systemic corticosteroids

A

suppress the natural production of endogenous steroids

should not be withdrawn abruptly

may precipitate an Addisonian crisis

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34
Q

poorly controlled hypertension, already taking an ACE inhibitor and a calcium channel blocker

A

thiazide-like diuretic

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35
Q

ptosis + dilated pupil

A

third nerve palsy

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36
Q

ptosis + constricted pupil

A

Horner’s

37
Q

total parenteral nutrition

A

administered via a central vein as it is strongly phlebitic

38
Q

pseudogout

A

chondrocalcinosis

39
Q

psoriatic arthritis

A

asymmetrical polyarthritis

  • DIP swelling
  • dactylitis
40
Q

coarctation of the aorta seen in adults

A

postductal variety

  • aortic narrowing is distal to the ductus arteriosus
41
Q

aminosalicylates adverse effects

A

agranulocytosis

  • FBC is a key investigation
42
Q

adenocarcinoma of the lung

A

gynaecomastia

43
Q

digoxin side effects

A

may cause anorexia

44
Q

antipsychotics side effects

A

acute dystonic reactions
- upwards and inward deviation
- blinking repeatedly

45
Q

beta-thalassaemia trait

A

disproportionate microcytic anaemia

46
Q

early sign of LVF

A

gallop rhythm (S3)

47
Q

meniscal tears diagnosis

A

MRI

48
Q

appropriate time to take blood samples for therapeutic monitoring of phenytoin

A

immediately before next dose

49
Q

diabetes mellitus diagnosis

A

HbA1c of 48 mmol/mol (6.5%)

50
Q

1

A

1

51
Q

amiodarone side effects

A

bradycardia
interstitial lung fibrosis
thyroid (hypo/hyper)
corneal deposits
hepatitis
grey skin

52
Q

metabolic ketoacidosis with normal or low glucose

A

think alcohol

53
Q

statins should be given to patients with a

A

Q risk >= 10%

54
Q

west’s syndrome

A

infantile spasms

look like colic

55
Q

acute severe hyponatraemia

A

cerebral oedema

56
Q

painful, bright red rectal bleeding

A

anal fissure

-> bulk forming laxatives

57
Q

complication of Kawasaki disease

A

coronary artery aneurysm
- screened for with an echocardiogram

58
Q

severe pre-eclampsia management

A

IV magnesium sulphate and plan immediate delivery

59
Q

Churg-Strauss syndrome

A
  • asthma or allergic rhinitis
  • eosinophilia
  • vasculitis

pANCA positive

60
Q

thrombosed haemorrhoids

A

stool softeners, ice packs and analgesia

61
Q

kawasaki management

A

high dose aspirin and a single dose of intravenous immunoglobulin

62
Q

richter’s hernia

A

strangulation without symptoms of obstruction

63
Q

tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) overdose

A

anti-cholinergic effects
- dilated pupils
- dry skin
- confusion
- urinary retention
- tachycardia

64
Q

erythema nodosum

A

no - no cause (idiopathic)
d - drugs: penicillin, sulphonamides
o - oral contraceptives, pregnancy
s - sarcoidosis, TB
u - ulcerative colitis/crohns disease, Behcet’s
m - microbiology - strep, mycoplasma, EBV …

65
Q

felty’s syndrome

A

RA, splenomegaly and low white cell count

66
Q

long-term prophylaxis of cluster headaches

A

verapamil

67
Q

unexplained symptoms

A

Somatisation = Symptoms

hypoChondria = Cancer

68
Q

raynaud’s phenomenon with extremity ischaemia

A

Buerger’s disease (or thromboangiitis obliterans)

69
Q

patient with hypertension who is already taking an ACE inhibitor + history of gout

A

calcium channel blocker
(instead of a thiazide)

70
Q

first investigation of possible endometrial cancer

A

trans-vaginal ultrasound scan - measure the endometrial thickness

71
Q

Kyphoscoliosis

A

restrictive lung defect on spirometry

72
Q

hypokalaemia

A

U waves
borderline PR interval

73
Q

consequence of subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

SIADH

-> hyponatraemia

74
Q

intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

A

induction of labour at 37 weeks

75
Q

hyperkalaemia

A

tall ‘tented’ T waves in the anterior leads

76
Q

AICA vs PICA

A

aica - hearing loss

facial paralysis (motor) - aica

facial pain (sensory) - pica

pica: horners. dysphagia

77
Q

pancreatic cancer investigation

A

high resolution CT pancreas

78
Q

Beta-blockers

A

exacerbate plaque psoriasis

79
Q

monitoring
- methotrexate
- amiodarone

A

methotrexate: FBC, LFT, U&E
amiodarone: TFT, LFT

80
Q

colorectal cancer (CRC) investigation

A

Colonoscopy

81
Q

left homonymous hemianopia

A

right optic radiation or occipital cortex

82
Q

homonymous quadrantanopias

A

PITS (Parietal-Inferior, Temporal-Superior)

83
Q

incongruous defects

A

optic tract lesion

84
Q

congruous defects

A

optic radiation lesion or occipital cortex

85
Q

ITP

A

Type II hypersensitivity reaction

type 2 is antibody-mediated

86
Q

munchausen’s syndrome

A

purposefully causing symptoms

87
Q

galeazzi fracture

A

dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint with an associated fracture of the radius

88
Q

guttate psoriasis

A

precipitated by streptococcal throat infection

89
Q

Behcet’s

A

oral ulcers + genital ulcers + anterior uveitis

fourth year last min prep (13 decks)

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