Cardio Respiritory Diseases Flashcards
What is Pneumonia and what causes it?
Inflammatory condition of the lung effecting the primary alveoli (fills with puss or fluid and solidifies
What are some signs and symptoms of pneumonia
Productive or dry cough Chest pain Fever DIB Signs of sepsis Reduced Sp02 Crackles on auscultation
What are the treatment options for pneumonia
02 therapy Antipyretics Antibiotics Nebulised salbutamol NSAIDS Pain management
What is asthma and what causes it
Chronic inflammation of the lower airways
Bronchospasm of the smooth muscle
Wheezing due to narrowing
What are some signs and symptoms of asthma
DIB Cyanosis Expiratory wheeze Tripoding Reduced peak flow Reduced sats Tachycardia Tachypnea Coughing
What are the treatment options for asthma
Salbutamol (blue)
Acute episode to reduce bronchospasm = bronchodilator
Beta agonist= relaxes smooth muscle
5mg NEB
Belcomethasone (brown)
Long term steroid to reduce inflammation of airway.
Months of gradual improvement
What is COPD and what causes it
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder - umbrella term
Emphysema- elastic function of the lung tissue damaged
Causes the airway to collapse, trapping air in the alveoli
Causes capillary damage causing decreased 02
Chronic bronchitis
Productive cough that is present for 3/12 for 2 years
Inflamed bronchioles produce excess mucus = coughing + DIB
Increased risk with Smoking Pollen Dust Fumes
What is hypoxia drive
Body uses 02 chemoreceptors instead of C02 receptors to regulate respiratory rate.
Normal resp dirigible by the C02 in arteries detected by
Central chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Giving too much 02 to someone with COPD causes the hypoxic drive to think there is loads of 02 and therefor reduce the resp rate which can cause resp depression and lead to respiratory arrest.
What is a pulmonary embolism and what causes it
Caused by Deep vein thrombosis
Clot developes in the lower leg
Clot breaks off and travels to a smaller arterial circulation in the lungs
This can prevent effective blood circulation of the lungs
Prevents 02/C02 diffusion
Rapid deterioration into cardiac arrest if not treated
What are some signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolism
Panic attack
Pleuritic chest pain
Reduced Sp02
Can not be coached = not a panic attack
What is pulmonary oedema and what causes it
Secondary condition from acute heart failure
Fluid on the lungs
Caused by,
Congestive heart failure
The heart is not able to pump effectively, blood backs up into the lungs, the increased pressure causes the fluid in the blood to be pushed into the alveoli
What are some signs and symptoms of pulmonary oedema
SOB no fever
Crackles (fluid) on base of lungs
Diaphoresis
Productive white cough with blood spots
Tachycardia
Orthopnea (can’t sleep lying down)
Reduced Sp02
Loss of radial pulse
Hypertension
How can pulmonary oedema be treated
O2 therapy
GTN
IV Frusemide to draw fluid from lungs to kidneys
Pain management
What adventitious sounds may be heard on a respiratory exam
Crackles on inspiration - caused by air moving through secretions + collapsed alveoli
CHF + pulmonary Odema
Pneumonia
Wheezes on expiration, high pitched, caused by air flow through narrowed airways,
Asthma, COPD
Rhonchi- low pitched continuous snore, obstruction to larger airways- secretions Acute bronchitis (infection)
Stridor- on inspiration, wheeze due to obstruction of the trachea of larynx
Choking!!!
Pleural rub- continuous crackle/brushing Pleural effusion (fluid), pneumothorax
What are the three categories that ACS can be split into and how are they defined
STEMI - ST elevated myocardial infarction
Complete blockage
Transmural (full heart wall thickness)
NSTEMI- ST depression/inversion
Narrowed vessels
Subendocardial
Can only be diagnosed in hospital as blood test to determine a raise in troponin is required.
Unstable Angina Pain at rest No ischemia/ necrosis ST depression or inversion Needs hospital blood tests to diagnose as no tropin level increase is the only diagnosis sign.
