cardio respiratory system

Question 1

pathway of air

Answer 1

taken in through mouth/nose
down trachea (lined with cilia to trap dust)
trachea divides into two bronchi
each bronchi leads to a lung and divides into bronchioles
alveoli at end of bronchioles for gas exchange

Question 2

how alveoli are adapated for gas exchange

Answer 2

thin walls (1 cell thick)
moist
rich blood supply
large surface area
steep conc gradient

Question 3

site of gaseous exchange

Answer 3

oxygen diffuses to blood down conc gradient
CO2 diffuses out of blood down conc grad
haemoglobin carries CO2 to lungs
-binds w O2 to form oxyhaemoglobin
-carried oxygen through blood

Question 4

arteries

Answer 4

vasoconstrict and vasodilate to distribute
thick walls + smaller walls to cope w high pressure
elasticated walls to prevent bursting

Question 5

veins

Answer 5

carry blood toward heart (mainly deoxygenated)
large lumen + thin walls (lower pressure)
valves to prevent backflow

Question 6

capillaries

Answer 6

make diffusion easier
one cell thick (only allow one blood cell at a time)
link around arteries and veins

Question 7

vena cava

Answer 7

returns deoxygenated blood to right atrium

Question 8

pulmonary artery

Answer 8

deoxygenated blood from right ventricle goes to lungs

Question 9

pulmonary vein

Answer 9

oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

Question 10

aorta

Answer 10

carries deoxygenated blood from left ventricle to body

Question 11

atria

Answer 11

right receives deoxygenated blood from body via vena cava
-pumps through to right ventricle
left atrium receives oxygenated blood via PV
- pumps through to left ventricle

Question 12

ventricle

Answer 12

right V has thinner,less muscular walls
- less pressure needed to pump deoxy blood to lungs
left V has thick strong walls
- pumps oxy blood at high pressure

Question 13

cardiac cycle deoxy blood

Answer 13

from body to RA via VC
contracts, pushed through valve to RV
RV contracts and pumps blood through PA
PA carries deoxy blood to lungs where gaseous exchange takes place

Question 14

oxy blod cardiac cycle

Answer 14

from lungs enters heart through PV
oxy blood enters left atrium
contracts and pushes through valve to left ventricle
contracts and pumps blood through aorta to rest of body at high pressure

Question 15

systole and diastole

Answer 15

1) atria contract + pump blood into ventricles (atria systole)
ventricles relax and fill with blood (ventricular diastole)
2) ventricles contract to pump blood out of heart ( ventricular systole)
atria relax and fill with blood (atria diastole)

Question 16

cardiac output

Answer 16

(q)
vol of blood heart pumps out
p/m
= SV x HR

Question 17

stroke volume

Answer 17

(sv)
vol of blood left ventricle pumps out with each beat

Question 18

heart rate

Answer 18

HR
number of times heart beats
usually bpm

Question 19

anticipatory rise

Answer 19

HR increases just before starting exercise due to increase of adrenaline

Question 20

effects of exercise on heart

Answer 20

HR increase
anticipatory rise
SV increased as more oxy blood is ejected from LV
Cardiac output increases, as HR and SV increases

Question 21

inhale mechanics

Answer 21

intercostals contract
-ribs move upwards and outward
diaphragm contracts and flattens

Question 22

exhale mechanics

Answer 22

intercostals relax, ribs fall, vol of chest cavity decreases
diaphragm relaxes

Question 23

breathing during exercise

Answer 23

inspiration- pectorals and sternocleidomastoid contract and lungs expand
expiration- abdominals contract to force air out of chest cavity to speed up exhalation

Question 24

flow of air exhalation

Answer 24

vol of chest cavity decreases, high pressure
causes air to rush out of lungs

Question 25

flow of air inhalation

Answer 25

vol of chest cavity increases , low pressure
causes air to rush in and fill lungs

Question 26

air flow

Answer 26

from low to high pressure to create an equilibrium

Question 27

tidal volume

Answer 27

volume of air breathed in/ out at rest
air that enters = air that leaves
500ml

Question 28

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 28

additional air that can be forced out of lungs after normal breath
about 1000ml
always some air left in lungs to prevent them from collapsing

Question 29

residual vol

Answer 29

volume of air left in lungs after one normal exhalation
(about 1500ml)

Question 30

inspiratory reserve vol

Answer 30

air that can be forced into lungs after one normal inhalation (around 3000ml)

Question 31

spirometer traces

Answer 31

at rest- consistently equal peaks (roughly 500ml)
during exercise- peak will increase due to IRV, will also dip into ERV