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cardio/respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

Receives deoxygenated venous blood from the body via the superior/inferior vena cava?

A

right atrium

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2
Q

Receives blood from the right atrium and delivers it to the lungs for renewal of oxygen & removal of carbon dioxide>

A

right ventricle

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3
Q

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

pulmonary arteries

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4
Q

Carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary veins

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5
Q

The mitral valve sound is heard

A

best over the apex of the heart.

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6
Q

Delivers blood ejected from the heart to the peripheral systems?

A

Aorta

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7
Q

Another term for generalized edema?

A

Anasarca

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8
Q

A descriptor term meaning “dusky redness” which suggests arterial insufficiency?

A

Rubor

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9
Q

Common wall between the right/left heart that keeps deoxygenated blood from mixing with oxygenated blood?

A

Septum

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10
Q

Observations of venous pulsations in the neck can be used to assess the adequacy of blood volume is called

A

Jugular Venous Pressure

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11
Q

S1 heart sound is the closure of what two valves?

A

mitral & tricuspid

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12
Q

S2 heart sound is the closure of what two valves?

A

Aortic & pulmonic

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13
Q

The apex of the heart is located where anatomically?

A

Lower left sternal border/fifth intercostal space

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14
Q

PMI is known as the

A

point of maximal impulse (apical impulse), pulses in the mitral area (apex of the heart)

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15
Q

A brief loss of consciousness most commonly caused by a decreased perfusion to the brain is called

A

syncope

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16
Q

normal heart rate is

A

60-100 beats/min

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17
Q

Cardiac Output =

A

heart rate x stroke volume

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18
Q

This pressure needs to be within 60-70 mm/HG to maintain perfusion to the heart and all vital organs?

A

Mean Arterial pressure (MAP)

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19
Q

The part of the cardiac cycle that consists of relaxation and filling of the atria and ventricles?

A

diastole

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20
Q

The part of the cardiac cycle that consists of contraction and emptying of the atria and ventricles?

A

systole

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21
Q

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures =

A

pulse pressure

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22
Q

The pacemaker of the heart is the

A

sinoatrial node

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23
Q

The difference between the radial and apical pulse is called

A

pulse deficit

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24
Q

Swishing sounds that may occur from turbulent blood flow in narrowed atherosclerotic arteries?

A

Bruit

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25
Q

The degree of myocardial fiber stretch at the end of disatole just before contraction?

A

preload

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26
Q

The pressure of resistance that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood through the semilunar valves & into the peripheral blood vessels?

A

afterload

27
Q

What is the force of cardiac contraction independent of preload called?

A

myocardial contractility

28
Q

Blood Tests such as Troponin, creatine kinase-MB and myoglobin are otherwise known as

A

cardiac markers (serum markers of myocardial damage)

29
Q

When blood pressure is not adeqautely maintained while changing positions from lying to sitting to standinng as defined by a drop of 20mm/Hg or ore, systolic, and a drop of 10 mm/Hg or more diastolic?

A

Posturial (orthostatic) hypotension

30
Q

This is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each contraction.

A

stroke volume

31
Q

These receptors are in the arch of the aorta and at the origin of the internal carotid arteries and are stimulated when the arterial walls are stretched by an increased BP.

A

Baroreceptors

32
Q

Deoxygenated blood from the IVC and SVC enter the

A

right atria

33
Q

Deoxygenated blood from the right atria passes through the

A

triscupsid valve

34
Q

Blood from the tricupside valve flows into the

A

right ventricle.

35
Q

blood from the right ventricle is pump through the

A

the pulmonic valve

36
Q

Blood enters the lungs from the pulmonic valve via the

A

pulmonary arteries

37
Q

oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to heart via the

A

pulmonary veins

38
Q

Blood from the pulmonary veins enters the

A

left atrium of the heart

39
Q

Blood from the left atrium enters the left ventricle via the

A

mitral valve

40
Q

oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is ditributed to the systemic circulation by the

A

aortic valve into the aorta

41
Q

What supplies the anterior left ventricle, anterior 2/3 of the septum and the bundle of His and bundle branches?

A

left anterior descending artery

42
Q

What supplies most of the left atrium, sinoatrial node (45%) and atriventricular node (10%), the posterior and lateral walls of the left ventricle and part of the anterior-lateral papillary muscle?

A

left circumflex artery

43
Q

What supplies the right atrium, the SA (55%) and AV (90%) nodes, and the inferior left ventricle?

A

right coronary artery

44
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

The arterial blood pressure (between 60 and 70 mm Hg) necessary to maintain perfusion of major body organs, such as the kidneys and brain

45
Q

cardiac output

A

is the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle each minute.

46
Q

heart rate

A

refers to the number of times the ventricles contract each minute.

47
Q

stroke volume

A

is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each contraction

48
Q

preload

A

refers to the degree of myocardial fiber stretch at the end of diastole and just before contraction.

49
Q

afterload

A

is the pressure or resistance that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood through the semilunar valves and into the peripheral blood vessels.

the amount of resistance is directly related to arterial blood pressure and the diameter of the blood vessels.

50
Q

contractility is increased by factors such as

A

sympathetic stimulation, calcium release, and positive inotropic drugs. It is decreased by factors such as hypoxia and acidemia.

51
Q

blood pressure

A

is the force of blood exerted against the vessel walls.

52
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  • several 1 to 2 mm collections of tissues in the carotid arteries and along the aortic arch.
  • sensitive to hypoxia
  • when stimulated sends impulses along the vagus nerves to activate a vasoconstrictor respose and raise BP.
53
Q

hypercapnia

A

increased arterial carbon dioxide levels

54
Q

dyspnea on exertion (DOE)

A

dyspnea associated with activity, usually an early symptom of heat failure and may be the only symptom experienced by women.

55
Q

angina

A
  • sudden, usually in response to exertion, emotion, or extremes in temperature.
  • squeezing, viselike pain
  • usually the left side of the chest without raidation
  • substernal; may spread across the chest and the back and/or down the arms.
  • usually lasts less than 15 min; relieved with rest, nitrate administration, or oxygen therapy
56
Q

Myocardial infarction

A
  • sudden, without precipitating factors, often in early morning
  • intense stabbing, viselike pain or pressure, severe
  • substernal; may spread throughout the anterior chest and to the arms, jaw, back or neck.
  • continuous or no chest discomfort; relieved with morphine, cardiac drugs, and oxygen therapy
57
Q

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs)

Prils

A
  • Enalapril (Vasotec), fosinopril (Monopril)
  • first line drugs of choice
  • prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, resulting in arterial dilation and increased stroke volume
  • Assess for orthostatic hypotension, acute confusion, poor peripheral perfusion and reduced urine output
  • check potassium and creatinine levels
  • report nagging cough or angioedema to provider
  • Do not give drug if SBP <100 or parameters per physician
58
Q

Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

sartans

A
  • valsartan (Diovan), irbesartan (Avapro)
  • ARBs block the effect of the angiotensin receptors and decrease arterial resistance & arterial dilation.
  • Assess for orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, confusion, poor peripheral perfusion.
  • monitor potassium and creatinine levels.
  • Do not give drug if SBP is <100 or parameters per physician
59
Q

Human B-type Natriuretic Peptides

A
  • Nesiritide (Natrecor)
  • Causes loss of sodium in renal tubules and vasodilation, lowers pulmonary wedge pressure and improves renal glomerular filtration.
60
Q

Diuretics

A
  • Loop diuretics- Furosemide (lasix), bumetanide (Bumex)
  • Thiazide diuretics-hydrochlorothiazide (HTCZ), metolazone (Zaroxolyn)
  • Potassium sparing diuretic spironolactone (Aldactone)a
  • Pulls off extra fluid volume and promotes excretion of Na/water
  • Decreases preload and afterload
  • Assess for hypotension
    • accurate I&O, daily weight
    • Monitor electrolytes
    • may need K supplements: KCL, Klor, Kdur
    • K rich foods- melons, bananas, OJ, raisins, dried fruit, spinach, tomatoes, strawberries
61
Q

Morphine Sulfate

A
  • a sedative/analgesic that reduces anxiety, slows respirations & reduces pain associated with an MI
  • Decreases preload & afterload
  • By decreasing respirations it decreases the amount of blood returning to the left side of the heart where there is a failed ventricle.
62
Q

Beta-adrenergic Blockers

OLOL

A
  • Carvedilol (Coreg), metoprolol (lopressor)
  • slow automaticity of SA node
  • Decrease strength of contraction
  • decreases renin secretion
  • assess for bradycardia & hypotension, dizziness
63
Q

Beta-adrenergic agonists

A
  • Dobutamine (Dobutrex)
  • Short term treatment of acute heart failure
  • Improves cardiac contractions and cardiac output
  • Very powerful drug - if extavasates will cause tissue necrosis/sloughing
  • Monitor BP as it causes vasoconstriction
64
Q

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

A
  • cardiac glycoside
  • enhances contractility of the heart, decreases dyspnea and improves functional ability
  • slows heart rate (allows more filling time)
  • improves cardiac output and renal perfusion
  • check electrolytes for hypokalemia (predisposes patient to digoxin toxicity)
  • s/s of digoxin toxicity are—anorexia, N/V, diarrhea, dysrhythmias, psychic viscual phenomena
  • teach patient to take pulse. hold if less than 60 bpm.

Nursing (7 decks)

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