Cardio repiratory system and cardiovascular system

Question 1

What is the function of the respiratory system

Answer 1

Inspiration and expiration of air, breathign so gaseous exchange can take place. Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

Question 2

Structure of respiratory system

Answer 2

Pharynx: Wind and food pipe
Larynx: Voice box
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveoli

Question 3

Function of teh bronchus

Answer 3

our bronchi carry air to and from your lungs. The bronchi also help moisturize the air you breathe and screen out foreign particles. Your airways are lined with cells that create mucus.

Question 4

Function of the bronchiole

Answer 4

As oyu inhale, oxygtenated blood is pumped into the bronchioles int o teh lungs where it then goes into the alveoli
It also removes carbon dioxide form the lungs as welll

Question 5

Function of the alveoli

Answer 5

The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out.

Question 6

How is the alveoli adapted to carry out gaseous exchnage

Answer 6

Large surface area
Thin walls: Providing short diffusion distance
Moist walls: Gases dissolve in the moisture helping them to pass across the gas exhcnage surface
Permemable walls: Allows gases through
Large blood supply: ensuring oxygen rich blood is taken away fromt he lungs and carbon dixoide rich blood is take to teh lungs
Large diffusion gradeint: Breathign ensures that the oxygen concetration in the alveoli is higher than in the cappilaries so oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood.

Question 7

Function of teh trachea

Answer 7

To carry air in and out of the lungs

Question 8

How is teh cappirlaies adapted ot carry out their function

Answer 8

Walls that are one cell thick
They contain a large supply of blood
Have thin permebale walls
Their walls do not contain collagen or elastic fibers allowing rapid diffusion of substances between the blood and the cells

Question 9

Define diffusion

Answer 9

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood and their movement at tissue level takes place passively by diffusion

Question 10

What will a diffusion gradient cause

Answer 10

A diffusion gradeint will cause moleucles to move across a space by random molecular collision with membrane walls

Question 11

What do steep diffusion gradients help with

Answer 11

Move substances froma high concetrniation to a low concetraiton where they take part in the repiration process

Question 12

How do gases diffuse

Answer 12

From a high to a low pressuree

Question 13

What does the rate of exchange depend on

Answer 13

Partial pressure of each gas, gas solubility and tempurature

Question 14

Define partial pressure

Answer 14

The pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of other gases

Question 15

The pathway of air

Answer 15

Nsal cavity, trachea, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiles, repiratry bronchioles, alveolar ducts adn to alveoli

Question 16

Function of teh pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi

Answer 16

Contains mucous glands whch provides a cleaning and filtering mechanism for incoming air

Question 17

Inspiration at rest

Answer 17

external Intercostal muscles contract
Diaphragm contracts
Internal intercostal muscles relax
Ribs and sternum moves upwards
Increase in chest cavity volume
Pressure between lpeural membrnaes is reduced
Allows elastic pulmonary tissue to expand
Lung volume increases
Pulmonary air pressuresfalls below atmospheric pressure
hece atopheric air is forcced into the lungs
Until lung pressure quals the pressure outside agin

Question 18

Expiration at rest

Answer 18

External intercostal muslcles relax
Diaphragm relaxes
Ribs and sternum moves downwards
Decreas in chest cavity volume
Pressure bwteen pleurl memrbanes is increased
COmpresses elastic pulmonary tisse
Lung volume decreases
Pulmonary air pressure is driven about atmospheric pressure
Hence atmospheric air is forced out of lungs via the respirtory passages
Until lung ressure equal the pressure outside again

Question 19

Inspiration during exercise

Answer 19

Additional muscles in the hest adn torso conracts such as teh ectroalis major
Chest cavity volue further increased
More air forced into lungs

Question 20

Expiration during exericse

Answer 20

Internal intercostal muscles adn abdominal muscles contract powerfully, acting on ribs nd body cavity
Chest cavity vlume is further reduced
More pulmonary air is forced out of the lungs

Question 21

What factors affect the effectvieness of gaseous exhcange

Answer 21

Po2 and pCO2

Gas solubility
Tempurature

Question 22

What maximises diffusion gradient

Answer 22

Good lung venitalaiton
Vast surface area of alveoli
Short distanes between teh alveolar lining and blood
Lrge amoutn of red corpuscles
Large aounto fmuscle myoglobin
Moist alveolar lining

Question 23

Explain the process of gasoues exhcange

Answer 23

Oxygen from th air in the lungs is transferred by diffusion ot teh blood flwoing through the alveoli.Carbon dioxide is trasnferre fromt he blood to teh lungs, where it is breathed out
The gases travel through the cappilary walls and alveolar walls

Question 24

Gaseous exchange at the tissue site

Answer 24

xygen is carried by teh blood and into teh tissues and there it diffuses into tissue cells.
Carbon dioide diffuses out of tissue cells into teh blood where it flows back through the venous system and the heart adn back to teh lungs

Question 25

How gaseous exhcange is achiveed in the alveoli

Answer 25

The first step in oxygen trasnport is he diffsion of oxygen fromt eh alveoli into teh blood.
In the venous lood, the partial pressure of oxygen is 5.3kpa and in the alveolar air it is 13.3kpa, so oxygen travels through teh alveolar and cappilary walls fromt eh lungs int othe blod where it comines with haemoglobin to form oxyheamoglobin

Question 26

What is the oxyhaemoglobin curve

Answer 26

The percentage of haemoglobin staurated with oxyegn at a given po2

Question 27

Function of myoglobin

Answer 27

A substances which attracts and binds ot oxygen. Has a greater affintiy for oxygen than haemoglobin. Enables oxyegn to be carried across a cell to teh mitochondria where the oxygen is consumed and energy transfer takes place.

Question 28

What is the advanatge of myoglobin having a higher affinity for xygen than haemoglobin

Answer 28

Arriving arterial blood has an oxygen partial pressure f 13.3kpa. Thsi is greater than tissue po2 sine the oxygen is beig used up in the cells durig the nergy creating prcoess. Becuase myoglobin in th etissue cells have a greater affintiy for oxygen than haemoglobin, oxyten diffuses through teh cappilray and cell walls from the blood into teh tissue cells. Myoglobin then facilliattes oxygen trasnfer to teh mitochodnria, notably at teh satrt of exercise and durign icrease in tintensity when p2 decreases

Question 29

Affect of tempurature and ph on exercise

Answer 29

The higher the tempurature the more oxygen released

Exericse increases tempurature therfor when you exercise ph increases, lactic acid therfore oxygen release increased

Question 30

Define boyles law

Answer 30

Boyles law- the volume of a gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure exerted on it.