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PHYSIOL > Cardio Physiology Part 2 > Flashcards

Cardio Physiology Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

This supplies blood to the heart and branches from the aorta that supplies the myocardium.

A

Coronary Arteries

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2
Q

Coronary arteries exist from behind __________ in very first part of aorta and lead to a branching network blood vessels

A

Aortic valve cusps

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3
Q

This is where most cardiac veins drain into, draining mot of the deoxygenated blood leaving the heart

A

Coronary sinus

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4
Q

The coronary sinus empties into the __________

A

Right atrium

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5
Q

These are responsible in creating electrical impulses to the whole heart

A

Node cells

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6
Q

This type of node cell is the pacemaker. It controls electrical impulses which cause contraction.

A

SA Node

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7
Q

What is the normal heart rate?

A

60 - 100 impulse/min

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8
Q

These are uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions caused by a defect in the conduction system

A

Arrhythmias

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9
Q

This clinical issue involves the rapid and irregular contraction where SA node is no longer controlling the heart rate

A

Fibrillation

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10
Q

This type of fibrillation can cause clotting and inefficient filling of ventricles

A

Atrial fibrillation

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11
Q

This is more life threatening than atrial fibrillation. It is where ventricles pump without filling.

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

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12
Q

If rhythm in VFib is not rapidly established, what happens?

A

Circulation stops and brain death may occur

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13
Q

What is the temporary remedy to fibrillation?

A

Application of electrical stimulus to shock the heart back into its normal SA rhythm

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14
Q

For more chronic cardiovascular issues, what is the treatment for fibrillation?

A

Implantation of “pacemakers” that deliver electrical stimulus rather than SA nodes.

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15
Q

This holds a record of the heart’s electrical activity.

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

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16
Q

In the ECG, this represents the result of atrial depolarization from the SA to AV node.

A

P Wave

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17
Q

In the ECG, this represents the result of ventricular depolarization and precedes ventricular contraction.

A

QRS Complex

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18
Q

In the ECG, this represents the result of ventricular repolarization.

A

T Wave

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19
Q

What is the basic equation for the ECG?

A

Change in pressure / R

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20
Q

In the cardiac cycle, this is referred to as the contraction phase.

A

Systole

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21
Q

In the cardiac cycle, this is referred to as the relaxation phase.

A

Diastole

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22
Q

These are abnormal heart sounds.

A

Heart murmurs

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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Blood flow should be silent.

A

TRUE

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24
Q

This is the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle within a minute.

A

Cardiac Output

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25
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CO = HR x SV

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26
Q

What is the normal rate for cardiac output?

A

5.25 L/min

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27
Q

What happens to the stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and heart rate (HR) when blood volume drops?

A

SV decreases; CO is maintained; HR increases

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28
Q

These are things that can increase heart rate.

A

Positive chronotropic factors

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29
Q

These are things that can decrease heart rate.

A

Negative chronotropic factors

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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: SNS decreases heart rate, and PSNS increases heart rate.

A

FALSE: SNS increases heart rate, and PSNS decreases heart rate.

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31
Q

This is the difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume.

A

Stroke Volume: SV = EDV - ESV

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32
Q

With every beat, the heart pumps about __________ of the blood in its chambers.

A

60%; approximately 70 mL

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33
Q

What law states this:

“Under normal circumstances, the heart is able to increase the stroke volume appropriately to the venous return.”

A

Starling’s Law

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34
Q

This is the degree to which the cardiac muscle cells are stretched before they contract.

A

Preload

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35
Q

This is the pressure the ventricles must overcome to force open aortic and pulmonary valves.

A

Afterload

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36
Q

These are the most important factors in causing stretch. It is controlled by the venous return.

A

Elastic Arteries

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37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Ventricles can sometimes run out of blood.

A

FALSE: Ventricles are NEVER completely empty of blood.

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38
Q

What happens to the stroke volume and the force of ventricular contraction increase?

A

Stroke volume increases

39
Q

What is the formula for ejection fraction?

A

EF = SV/EDV

40
Q

What is the rate of ejection fraction under normal resting conditions?

A

50-75%

41
Q

What happens to the ejection fraction when contractility increases?

A

Ejection fraction increases as well

42
Q

This is the system that involves the pipes that carry the blood.

A

Vascular system

43
Q

What are the two main structures involved in the vascular system?

A

Arteries and Veins

44
Q

Trace the flow of blood in the arteries and veins. (In order)

A

Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

45
Q

What is the formula for compliance?

A

Change in volume / change in pressure

46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The lower the compliance, the more easily the structure can be stretched

A

FALSE: The higher* the compliance

47
Q

Arteries are often called __________ due to elastic recoil.

A

Pressure reservoirs

48
Q

These are conduit vessels near the heart.

A

Elastic arteries.

49
Q

Elastic arteries are large __________ vessels that contain more __________ than muscular arteries.

A

Lumen; Elastin

50
Q

What two diseases affect the elastic arteries’ ability to function properly?

A
  1. Atherosclerosis
  2. Arteriosclerosis
51
Q

This type of arteries deliver blood to specific organs.

A

Muscular arteries

52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Proportionally the thickest tunica media and are inactive in vasoconstriction

A

FALSE: They are very active in vasoconstriction

53
Q

Muscular arteries can play a large role in the regulation of __________

A

Blood pressure

54
Q

What is the average blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

55
Q

A blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg is considered to be ____________.

A

Hypertensive

56
Q

Pulse pressure is the difference between __________ and __________ pressures.

A

Systolic; diastolic

57
Q

What are the three factors in determining the magnitude of pulse pressure?

A
  1. SV
  2. Speed ejection of SV
  3. Arterial compliance
58
Q

This is referred to as the decrease in compliance.

A

Arteriosclerosis

59
Q

These are the smallest arteries that control minute-to-minute blood flow into capillary beds.

A

Arterioles

60
Q

Arterioles transition into __________.

A

Capillaries

61
Q

What is the formula for the flow-pressure relationship?

A

F = Change in P/R

62
Q

This causes vasodilation and relaxes the blood vessel.

A

Nitric oxide

63
Q

This is the automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to that tissue’s requirement at any instant

A

Autoregulation

64
Q

Autoregulation is regulated by __________ factors and independent of __________ factors.

A

Local; systemic

65
Q

These are the smallest blood vessels in the body in which gas and nutrient exchange occur.

A

Capillaries

66
Q

How does gas and nutrient exchange in the capillaries occur?

A

Through the diffusion out of the blood and into the tissues OR vice versa

67
Q

This type of capillary has tight junctions.

A

Continuous capillary

68
Q

This type of capillary is more permeable.

A

Fenestrated Capillary

69
Q

This type of capillary has an incomplete basement membrane.

A

Sinusoidal Capillary

70
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Muscle
71
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A
  1. Intestines
  2. Hormone-producing tissues
  3. Kidneys
72
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Bone marrow
  3. Lymphoid tissues
73
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Blood movement is slower with bigger blood vessels because there’s more space to fill.

A

FALSE: Ano pinag sasabi mo; faster*

74
Q

This is the force exerted by fluid pressing against wall, and it tends to force fluid out.

A

Hydrostatic pressure

75
Q

This is created by large, non-diffusable molecules

A

Osmotic pressure

76
Q

What happens when HP exceeds OP?

A

Fluid leaves the capillaries

77
Q

What happens when OP is greater than HP?

A

Fluid enters capillaries

78
Q

Generally, amount of fluid lost and not regained is about __________

A

1.5 mL/min

79
Q

This carries blood back to the heart and vary in structure as they progress away from capillaries.

A

Venous system

80
Q

These have less smooth muscle and more elastic than arteries and are highly distensible.

A

Veins

81
Q

These are veins that have become dilated and tortuous because of incompetent (leaky valves).

A

Varicose veins

82
Q

This helps proper blood back to the heart.

A

Respiratory pump

83
Q

This results in blood moving forward and prevents the backflow of the veins

A

Muscular pump

84
Q

This is the temporary drop in blood pressure when standing from prone or reclining position.

A

Orthostatic hypotension

85
Q

This may indicate poor nutrition and is associated with low viscosity of blood.

A

Chronic hypotension

86
Q

This is the major cause of hypotension

A

Hemorrhage

87
Q

These are one of the most important signs of the circulatory shock

A

Acute hypotension

88
Q

This is the most common form of circulatory shock which results from large blood loss.

A

Hypovolemic shock

89
Q

This type of circulatory shock is a result of pump failure. It is usually the result of myocardial damage following a severe MI or multiple MIs.

A

Cardiogenic shock

90
Q

This type of circulatory shock is a result of a huge drop in total peripheral resistance.

A

Vascular shock

91
Q

This is referred to as chronically elevated blood pressure

A

Hypertension

92
Q

What are the four ways to manage hypertension?

A
  1. Diet
  2. Exercise
  3. Lifestyle change
  4. Medication
93
Q

What are the 8 factors that cause hypertension?

A
  1. Diet
  2. Obesity
  3. Age
  4. Gender
  5. Diabetes Mellitus
  6. Genetics
  7. Stress
  8. Smoking
94
Q

Name the 5 drugs used to treat hypertension.

A
  1. Diuretics
  2. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers
  3. Ca2+ channel blockers
  4. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  5. Drugs that antagonize one or more components of the sympathetic nervous system

PHYSIOL (6 decks)

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