Cardio - online med ed

Question 1

MAP equation

Answer 1

MAP = CO x SVR 
CO = HR x SV 
SV = contractility x preload

Question 2

Orthostatic causes

Answer 2

ANS - elederly, diabetic, sepsis (cant get the carotids to work so dont vasoconstrict in time)

Volume down
-dehydration, diahrohrea, diuretics, haemorgage

Question 3

Neuro cause

Answer 3

• Verterbrobasilar insufficent, CT angiogaram

- will present with focal neurological deficiet

Question 4

How to remember

Women PE

Answer 4

vasovagal
orthostatics
mechanical cardiac
arrhythmia
neuro 
PE
electrolytes

Question 5

How to diagnose a mummur, and when to investigate?

Answer 5

-Murmur <3 out of 6, systolic and asymptomatic then does not need workup

Question 6

Inspiration vs expiration murmurs

Answer 6

=Right sided murmurs - loader on inspiration

=Left sided murmurs - loaded on expiration

Question 7

Most common causes of pericarditits

Answer 7

infections, autoimmune, trauma, cancers (viral coaxasikle, tb, bacterial fungus)
-cause effusion or tamponade
-multiphasic friction rub
-ECG - st segment elevation, PR segment depresion.
NSAIDS + colchicine

• can cause constrictive pericarditis - infalmmatory process- get fibrosis of the pericardium, and then get a rigid box with limited filling.
• remove pericardium - pericardiectomy

Question 8

Pericardial effusion

Tamponade

Answer 8

• echo
• treat effusion - treat cause
• drain pericardium if large

-recurrent effusions - pericardial window

Tamponade - JVD, hypotension, distant heart sounds, clear lungs, pulses paradoxus >10mmhg
-EMergent pericardiocenteiss
(echo)

Question 9

Treatments for certain conditions

-

Answer 9

HTN - ace, CCB or thazide

CAD - BB + ace (ISM, CCB)
CHF - BB + Ace (ASDN, hydralazine, spirinolactone) 
CVA - thiazide + calcium channel blocker
DM - ace if proteinuria
CKD - ACE  ,(but avoid if stage 5)

Question 10

hypertensive emergenc y

Answer 10

• BP >180 or >110 with evidence of end organ damage.

- IV nitrates or CCB to get it decrease to 25% in 2-5 hrs.

Question 11

SIde effects of a

• AR2 blocker
• Betablocker

Answer 11

-hyperkalaemia

BB - reduce HR

Spirinolactone - gynecomastia and hyperkalaemia.

Thazide and loop - decrease K

Question 12

2ndary HTN

Answer 12

-Hyperaldosterone - refractory HTN, or HTN and low K (look at aldo:renun >20, CT pelvis)

Hyperthryoid

Hypercalcaemia - polyuria, AMS, moans, groans,bones, - kidney stoens –> test free ca

Aortic coarctation - children - warm arms, cold legs, claudication XRAY chest , antgiogram, CT angio

DM or glomeruloneprhtiis

Phenochromocytoma

Cushings

OSA