Cardio-Histology-Clinical Correlates

Question 1

Tissue swelling caused a build up of fluid within the interstitial fluid in response to an injury, infection, or cardiovascular problem (e.g. leakage, venous insufficiency, etc.).

Answer 1

Edema

Question 2

edema caused by impairments of the lymphatic system, causing lymph fluid to build up within the affected region.

Answer 2

Lymphedema

Question 3

diffuse thickening of basement membrane of the capillary endothelium due to chronic hyperglycemia caused by diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2); this thickening interferes with metabolic exchange between the blood and surrounding tissues. Tissues of the kidney, retina, skeletal muscles, and skin are most affected

Answer 3

Diabetic microangiopathy

Question 4

a generalized term for a variety of conditions that cause the arterial wall to stiffen and lose their capacity for distention and rebound

Answer 4

arteriosclerosis

Question 5

build up of plaque and other materials within the tunica intima of (mostly) elastic arteries

Answer 5

atheriosclerosis

Question 6

bulging of a vessels wall due to a weakening of tissue (esp. tunica media

Answer 6

aneurism

Question 7

condition in which the layers of the aorta are pulled apart, allowing blood to infiltrate and become trapped within the tissues of the aortic wall. Can lead to either aortic obstruction and/or rupture. Initiation of an aortic dissection typically occurs with a tear of the tunica intima that allow blood to infiltration into tunica media.

Answer 7

aortic dissection

Question 8

chronic hypertension typically due to renal or endocrine dysfunctions

Answer 8

secondary hypertension

Question 9

a.k.a. essential or idiopathic, chronic hypertension due to a variety of potential factors: genetics, environment, lifestyle, or unknown.

Answer 9

primary hypertension

Question 10

high blood pressure that affects the arteries in your lungs and the right side of your heart. Blood vessels in your lungs are narrowed, blocked or destroyed.

Answer 10

Pulmonary hypertension

Question 11

increase in the pressure within the portal vein, which carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver. Most common cause is cirrhosis.

Answer 11

Portal hypertension

Question 12

regurgitation of blood though a valve

Answer 12

heart murmur

Question 13

narrowing of the valve

Answer 13

stenosis

Question 14

reduction and/or loss of oxygenated blood flow to the tissues due to obstruction or hemorrhage of the coronary arteries

Answer 14

ischemia

Question 15

damage/necrosis of myocardial tissue caused by ischemia

Answer 15

• Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Question 16

hole in the wall (septum) between the two upper chambers of your heart (atria). The condition is present at birth (congenital).

Answer 16

atrial septal defect

Question 17

abnormal opening (hole) in the heart that forms between the heart’s lower pumping chambers (ventricles). This allows oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix.

Answer 17

ventricular septal defect

Question 18

occurs when, during fetal development, the primitive truncus does not divide into the pulmonary artery and aorta, resulting in a single, large, arterial trunk that overlies a large, malalignment type ventricular septal defect.

Answer 18

Question 19

serious but rare heart defect present at birth (congenital), in which the two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed (transposed).

Answer 19

Transposition of great arteries

Question 20

results when division of the truncus arteriosus above the level of the valves creates one large artery and one small artery. This leads to misalignment of the aorticopulmonary septum with the IV septum and produces a VSD, which is typically straddled by the larger vessel.

Answer 20

Unequal division of the truncus arteriosus

Question 21

Narrowing of the valve in the large blood vessel branching off the heart (aorta).

Answer 21

aortic stenosis

Question 22

congenital condition in which the aortic valvular cusps are fused at birth

Answer 22

Aortic atresia

Question 23

A narrowing of the large blood vessel (aorta) that leads from the heart.

Answer 23

Coarctation of aorta

Question 24

medical condition in which the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth: this allows a portion of oxygenated blood from the left heart to flow back to the lungs by flowing from the aorta, which has a higher pressure, to the pulmonary artery.

Answer 24

Patent ductus Arteriosis

Question 25

Tetralogy of Fallot defects cause oxygen-poor blood to flow out of the heart and into the rest of the body. Risk factors include a viral illness such as rubella during pregnancy, maternal alcoholism, or a family history of the condition.

Answer 25

Tetralogy of Fallot