Cardio, GI, Endocrine, Immunosuppressant Drugs Flashcards by Michaele Lemons

Class: cardio
MOA:
Class II antiarrhythmic Beta blocker

Lidocaine
Atenolol

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Class:
Non-cardioselective beta-blocker
MOA:
- Class III antiarrhythmic beta-blocker
- K channel blocker

Sotalol

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Class: cardio
MOA:
- Class 1a antiarrhythmic
- sodium channel blocker

Quinidine
Mexelitine

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Class: cardio
MOA:
- potent antihypertensive agent
- low concentrations = competitive beta-adrenoceptor antagonist & vasodilator
- higher concentrations = calcium channel antagonist

Carvedilol

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Class: Afterload reducer
MOA:
- Class IV antiarrhythmic Beta blocker
- Phase 2 calcium channel blocker

Diltiazem

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Class: Afterload reducer
MOA:
- Dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blocker

Amlodipine

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Class: Afterload reducer
MOA:
- Ang II receptor blocker

Telmisartan

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Class: Afterload reducer
MOA:
- ACE inhiitor

Enalapril
Benazepril
Lisinopril

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Class: Afterload reducer
MOA:
- increase nitric oxide production

Nitroglycerine

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Class: Anti-coagulant
MOA:
- Antithrombin III
- inhibits thrombin & some Xa

Heparin

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Class: Anti-coagulant
MOA:
- Higher affinity for ATIII than regular Heparin
- inactivates Xa but not thrombin

LMW Heparin

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Class: Anti-thrombotic
MOA:
- Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 enzymes
- Blocks TXA2 production for life of platelet

Aspirin

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Class: Anti-thrombotic
MOA:
- P2Y12 Receptor antagonist

Clopidogrel

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Class: positive ionotrope
MOA:
- Inhibits Na/K ATPase
- increases cellular Na+
- Decreases sympathetic/ increases vagal tone
- Decreases aldosterone
- Decreases oxygen demand
- Can be pro‐arrhythmic

Digoxin

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Class: positive ionotrope
MOA:
- β adrenergic agonism increases cAMP via Adenylate cyclase -> increases intracellular Ca

Dobutamine
Dopamine

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Class: positive ionotrope
MOA:
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors decrease degradation of cAMP -> Increases intracellular Ca+

Milrinone

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Class: positive ionotrope & afterload reducer
MOA:
- Decreases degradation of cAMP
- Calcium sensitizer
- Phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor (increase CAMP, Ca2+)
- vasodilation of arteries and veins thru PDE III

Pimobendan

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Class: Thrombolytic (Fibrinolytic)
MOA:
enhance conversion of plasminogen to plasmin

Streptokinase
Urokinase
Tissue Plasminogen activator

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Class: Laxative
MOA:
Increase hydration of fecal mass / lubricate

Docusate sodium

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Class: Adsorbant
MOA:
- Line mucosal surface
- Adsorb fluid/potential toxins

Kaolin
activated charcoal
Bismuth subsalicylate

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Class: Antacid
MOA:
- H2 ANTAGONISTS
- Reduce gastric acid secretion

Famotidine
Ranitidine
Cimetidine
Nizatidine

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Class: Antacid
MOA:
- Inhibit the gastric hydrogen-potassium-ATPase (proton) pump

Omeprazole
Pantoprazole

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Class: Antiemetic
MOA:
- Neurokinin-1 (NK1 ) receptor antagonist
- Inhibits substance P
- Works directly at the emetic center

Maropitant

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Class: Antiemetic, prokinetic,
MOA:
- Serotonin antagonist and antidopaminergic
- 5-HT4 agonist & 5-HT3 antagonist

Metoclopramide

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Class: Antiemetic MOA: - Serotonin antagonist and antidopaminergic - better than metoclopramide

Ondasetron Dolasetron

Class: Appetite stimulant MOA: - 5-HT3 antagonist - antinausea increases appetite - increase norepinephrine

Mirtazipine

Class: Appetite stimulant MOA: - Ghrelin receptor agonist - directly signal hypothalamus -> increase growth hormone from pituitary

Capromorelin

Class: Appetite stimulant MOA: - 5-HT3 antagonist inhibits satiety center

Cyproheptadine

Class: Appetite stimulant MOA: - GABAminergic inhibition of satiety center

Diazepam

Class: GI - BIle MOA: - Natural hydrophilic bile acid present in the biliary system - Deceases hepatic synthesis & intestinal absorption of cholestero - Increases bile flow and volume - Possible anti-inflammatory & immuno-modulatory effects - May protect hepatic cells from toxic bile

Ursodeoxycholic Ursodiol

Class: GI - Cathartic MOA: - Osmotic ->Attract fluid into lumen - Irritant to colonic lining - myenteric reflex. - laxative effect - Acidifies colonic contents -> causes ammonia (NH3) to migrate from the blood into the colon -> ammonium ion [NH4]+ expelled with the feces.

Lactulose

Class: Emetic MOA: - stimulate dopamine receptors in CRTZ - derivative of morphine

Apomorphine

Class: Emetic & prokinetic MOA: - Alpha-2 agonist

Dexmedetomidine Xylazine

Class: Hepatoprotectant MOA: - maintains cell membranes - helps produce and break down serotonin, melatonin, and dopamine.

S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe)

Class: Hepatoprotectant MOA: - Free radical scavenger/antioxidan - Inhibits TNF - Prevents toxin penetration into hepatocytes

Silymarin (milk thistle)

Class: Megaesophagus MOA - PDE inhibitor

Sildenafil

Class: motility modifiers MOA: - opioid - decreased GI motility

Loperamide Diphenoxylate

Class: motility modifiers MOA: - antimuscarinic - decreased GI motility

Hyocine butylbromide

Class: motility modifiers MOA: - alpha receptor antagonist - decreased GI motility

Phenoxybenzamine

Class: motility modifiers MOA: - muscarinic antagonist - decreased Gi motility

Atropine

Class: bulk laxative MOA: - stool softener w/ hydrophilic properties

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate

Class: GI antifoam MOA: - alters surface tension

Poloxalene

Class: bulk laxative MOA: - separate sand particles

Psyllium Mucilloid

Class: mucosal protectant MOA: - Binds to exposed epithelial cell membranes and not normal mucosa - Protects mucosa against: HCl, Bile, Pepsin - Possibly stimulates local PG production

Sucralfate

Class: mucosal protectant MOA: - Prostaglandin analog - Inhibits gastric acid secretion - Increases bicarbonate secretion - Increases mucus secretion - Increases gastric blood flow

Misoprostol

Class: prokinetic MOA: - unknown mechanism

lidocaine

Class: prokinetic MOA: - muscarinic agonist

Bethanacol

Class: prokinetic MOA: - Inhibits activity of acetylcholinesterase - increases smooth muscle contraction - Reduces gastric emptying and jejuenal motility in healthy horses

Neostigmine

Class: prokinetic MOA: - combined 5-HT4 agonist & 5HT-3 antagonist - enhances ACh release from intrinsic cholinergic neurons

Cisapride

Class: prokinetic MOA: - motilin agonist

Macrolide antimicrobials

Class: endocrine MOA: - Synthetic ergot derivative - Long acting dopamine receptor agonist - Inhibits release of prolactin - Stimulates dopamine receptors & inhibits production of POMC, ACTH, MSH

Pergolide

Class: endocrine MOA: - Serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonist

Cyproheptadine

Class: hypothyroidism MOA: - Used to replace thyroid hormones

Levothyroxine Synthetic Levothyroxine thyro tabs Synthroid

Class: endocrine MOA: - Hypoglycemic - Hypoglucemiant

Insulin

Class: hyperadrenocroticism MOA: - Competitive enzyme inhibitor blocks formation of cortisol 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase - some effect on aldosterone and androgen synthesis

Trilostane

Class: hyperadrenocroticism MOA: - Adrenolytic/adrenal cytotoxic - Mainly zona fasciculata and reticularis - some zona glomerulosa destruction.

Mitotane

Class: hyperadrenocroticism MOA: - Inhibits steroid biosynthesis - Interferes with the imidazole ring and cytochrome p-450

Ketoconazole

Class: hyperadrenocroticism MOA: - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor -> increase dopamine concentrations in pars intermedia -> increases inhibition of ACTH

Selegiline

Class: hyperadrenocroticism MOA: - Enzyme inhibitor that blocks formation of cortisol - Possible treatment for feline Cushing’s - Used for short term stabilization prior to adrenalectomy

Metyrapone

Class: hypercalcemia MOA: - Reduce bone resorption - Increase renal Ca excretion - Decrease intestinal absorption of Ca - Cytotoxic to neoplastic lymphocytes

Glucocorticoids

Class: hypercalcemia MOA: - Inhibits osteoclast activity and bone resorption - Promotes apoptosis - inhibits osteoclastogenesis, angiogenesis, and cancer cell proliferation

Bisphosphonates Oral: Alendronate Injectable: Pamidronate or Zoledronate

Class: hypercalcemia MOA: - Inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption - Reduces tubular reabsorption - promotes excretion of calcium, phosphorus, and other electrolytes

Calcitonin

Class: hyperthyroidism MOA: - inhibits thyroid peroxidase - inhibits iodide binding to tyrosine

Methimazole

Class: hyperthyroidism MOA: - function of normal thyroid tissue suppressed - does not produce hormones

I-131

Class: hypoadrenocorticism MOA: - steroid w/both glucocorticoid & mineralcorticoid effects

Fludrocortisone

Class: hypoadrenocorticism MOA: - long acting mineralcorticoid

Desoxycorticosterone pivalate

Class: hypoglucemiant MOA: - reduce glucose absorption from intestine - decrease amount of glucose produced by liver

Metformin

Class: hypoglucemiant MOA: - Na glucose 2 transporter inhibitor - lowers blood glucose through kidney diuresis

Canagliflozin Valagliflozin

Class: oral hypoglycemic MOA: - Inhibition of intestinal enzymes that convert starches to simple sugars - slows digestion of carbs and delays glucose absorption

Acarbose

Class: oral hypoglycemic MOA: - only useful in cats w/ non-insulin dependent diabetes (II) - Sulfonylurea Antidiabetic Agent - Stimulates beta cell secretion of insulin

Glipizide

Immunemodulator Mech of Action - Calcineurin inhibitor that binds to cytoplasmic receptor proteins. - inhibits calcineurin, & decreases expression of IL-2 and other cytokines necessary for T-cell activation.

Cyclosporine

Immunemodulator Mech of Action - Similar to cyclosporine but used topically

Tacrolimus

Immunemodulator Mech of Action - Janus Kinase inhibitor - Inhibits activity of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL13, IL-31*).

Oclacitinib Apoquel

Immunemodulator Mech of Action - prodrug that is metabolized to a purine analog (6-mercapto purine). - Interferes w/ incorporation of purines or pyrimidines into DNA

Azathioprine

Immunemodulator Mech of Action - alkylate DNA that causes chemical cross-links to occur in DNA - interferes w/ DNA replication. - None labeled for use in veterinary medicine.

Cyclophosphamide Chlorambucil

Immunemodulator Mech of Action - inhibits type II isoform of inosine-5’-monophosphate dehydrogenase present in activated lymphocytes. - inhibits synthesis of guanosine nucleotides. - may also suppress dendritic cell maturation and monocyte recruitment.

Mycophenolate mofetil Mycophenolic Acid

Immunemodulator MOA - Anti-inflammatory used for reactive airway Dz (smooth muscle relax)

Corticosteroids