Cardio FA Flashcards
Truncus arteriosus
Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
Bulbus cordis
Smooth parts (outflow tract) of L and R ventricles
Endocardial cushion
Atrial septum, membranous IV septum; AV and semilunar valves
Primitive atrium
Trabeculated part of L and R atria
Primitive ventricle
Trabeculated part of L and R ventricles
Primitive pulmonary vein
Smooth part of LA
Left horn of sinus venosus
Coronary sinus
Right horn of sinus venosus
Smooth part of right atrium
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
SVC
Week that heart beats on its own
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What are paradoxical emboli?
Venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation (L–>R shunt)
What forms the membranous IV septum?
Aorticopulmonary septum
Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure of neural crest cells to migrate?
Transposition of the great vessels, Tetralogy of Fallot, persistent truncus arteriosus
Oxygen content of fetal circulation?
Veins are going towards the heart and are oxygenated via the placenta. Arteries are going away from the heart and are deoxygenated.
Ductus venosus?
Takes fetal oxygenated blood from the placenta to the IVC, bypassing the hepatic circulation
Foramen ovale?
Blood goes from RA to LA bypassing the lungs
Ductus arteriosus?
Blood goes from pulmonary artery to aorta
Determinant of blood flow in fetus?
Pressure difference between heart chambers and decreased prostaglandins from placental separation
Indomethacin
Helps close patent ductus arteriosus (should be ligamentum arteriosus)
Right marginal artery supplies…?
Right ventricle
Posterior descending artery supplies…?
Posterior 1/3 of IV septum, posterior walls of ventricles, and posteriomedial papillary muscle.
Right dominant circulation
PDA comes off RCA (most common)
Left dominant circulation
PDA comes off left circumflex artery
Codominant circulation
PDA from LCX and RCA
Right coronary artery supplies…?
SA and AV nodes
When does coronary blood flow peak?
Early diastole
What is the most common site of coronary artery occlusion?
LAD
Which part of the heart is the most posterior and can lead to esophageal or recurrent laryngeal nerve impingement?
Left atrium –> presents as dysphagia or hoarseness
What are the layers of the pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
(Pericardial cavity)
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
Left circumflex artery supplies?
Lateral and posterior walls of LV, anterolateral papillary muscle
Left anterior descending artery supplies…?
Anterior 2/3 of IV septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, anterior surface of LV
Cardiac output formula?
CO = SV x HR
Fick principle?
CO = Rate of O2 consumption/ (arterial O2 - venous O2)
MAP formulas?
MAP = CO x TPR (total peripheral resistance) MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure
Pulse pressure?
Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
Proportional to SV, inversely proportional to arterial compliance
Stroke volume formula?
EDV - ESV
What maintains CO during early exercise?
Increased HR and increased SV
What maintains CO during late exercise
Increased HR only
Why does increased HR eventually reduce CO?
Diastole is preferentially shortened, allowing less filling time.
What conditions increase pulse pressure?
Hyperthyroidism, aortic regurgitation, aortic stiffening, obstructive sleep apnea (raise sympathetic tone), and exercise
What conditions decrease pulse pressure?
Aortic stenosis, cardiogenic shock, cardiac tamponade, advanced heart failure.
