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Cardiovascular > Cardio- Disorders > Flashcards

Cardio- Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

1) What is the term used to describe ANY cardiac rhythm that deviates from normal sinus rhythm?
2) Administration of what medication is useful for dysrhythmias?
3) What medication prevents clots (prevents a stroke) BUT– It DOES NOT dissolve clots?

A

1) Cardiac Dysrhythmias
2) Lidocaine
3) WARFARIN (Coumadin)

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2
Q

1) Normal sinus rhythm originates in the SA node and characterized by what?
2) What type of cardiac dysrhythmia is RAPID, REGULAR rhythm originating in the SA node?
3) What type of cardiac dysrhythmia is slow and Atropine is prescribed to help regulate the heart rate?
4) What type of cardiac dysrhythmia is a sudden onset of rapid heartbeat?

A

1) Heart rate : 60 to 100 bpm
2) Sinus Tachycardia
3) Bradycardia
4) Supraventricular tachycardia

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3
Q

1) What is an irregular heartbeat where the atria is fibrillating or quivering rather than contracting?
2) What is a defect in the AV junction that slows or impairs conduction of impulses from the SA node to the ventricles?
3) Which type of atrioventricular blocks is considered a complete heart block? In this type of block, a pacemaker is often needed.

A

1) Atrial fibrillation
2) Atrioventricular block
3) 3rd degree block

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4
Q

1) This cardiac dysrhythmia is characterized as an abnormal heartbeat that arise from the right or left ventricle. Name it.
2) When three or more successive PVCs occur this is known as…
3) When the heart is quivering and there is no CO- This is known as what? what are the NI?

A

1) premature ventricular contractions
2) ventricular tachycardia
3) ventricular fibrillation; CPR and defibrillation

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5
Q

WHAT IS THE COMMON CAUSE OF A partial obstruction = ischemia (anginal pain)
OR A complete obstruction = MI (myocardial infarction)??

A

ATHEROSCLEROSIS
WHICH IS A BUILD UP cholesterol ON THE INNER WALLS OF THE ARTERIES.
atherosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)

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6
Q

Necrosis (death) of heart muscle caused by obstruction of a major
coronary artery or its branches due to plaque or by an embolus/thrombus that circulates in the blood until it becomes dislodged in a vessel.

Name the most common cause.

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

The heart fails to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs in LVF (left sided heart failure). What are the first two important consequences as a result of this condition?
(In order)

A

First- S/S of decreased CO
Second- Pulmonary congestion. Back up on left> back up back into the lungs> lungs become congested> COPD

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8
Q

As a result of LVF (left side HF) there is PULMONARY CONGESTION
WHAT S/S OCCUR ALONGSIDE/ AS A RESULT?

A

DYSPNEA
SOB (LYING DOWN)
COUGH: FROTHY, BLOOD-TINGED
LUNGS: CRACKLES SO> MONITOR!
ORTHOPNEA
TACHYCARDIA
PULMONARY EDEMA & PLEURAL EFFUSION

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9
Q

1) AN Increased pressure is caused by blood backing up from a failing left ventricle. With This pressure of the pulmonary circulation, the _______ is unable to pump effectively.
2) Because the blood cannot flow from the right side to the lungs (as it should), what happens to that blood? Where does it go? And what are the results?

A

1) Right ventricle
This is right ventricular failure. Caused by left ventricular failure.
2) Peripheral congestion happens. Venous blood is forced back into the systemic circulation. This results in EDEMA IN THESE AREAS IMPORTANT TO KNOW:

Edema appears in areas like sacrum, feet, ankles, thighs, external genitalia

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10
Q

RVF or RHF causes an issue in what circulation system? Explain

A

Systemic circulation.
Due to LVF there is blood back up in lungs. The right side of the heart cannot pump systemic blood to the lungs to get oxygen because the lungs are backed up so the right side of the heart gets backed up and the blood gets forced back into the systemic circulation of the body (venous) and this causes peripheral edema.

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11
Q

Manifested S/S of Right sided HF are different than Left sided HF. RHF S/S include:

A

Jugular vein distention (JVD)
• Abdominal distention
• Liver enlargement (hepatomegaly)
• Oliguria
• Peripheral Edema in feet, ankles, sacrum; may
progress up the legs into thighs, external genitalia,
and lower trunk.

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12
Q

What are the nursing interventions for edema and pulmonary congestion of a HEART FAILURE patient?

A

• Monitor fluid retention (weigh daily; strict I&O)
• Dietary Restrictions (FLUIDS, SALTS, fats)
• Administer DIURETICS > MONITOR FOR HYPOKALEMIA BECAUSE A PATIENT CAN SHOW SIGNS OF FATIGUE AND SHALLOW RESPIRATIONS DUE TO MUSCLE WEAKNESS.

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13
Q

What disorder is described as COMPLICATION OF HEART FAILURE (HF) where a patient drowns in own secretions due to Accumulation of fluid in lung tissues and alveoli?

LIST OUT THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF THE DISORDER.

A

Pulmonary edema

• Restlessness
• HYPOXIA
• Dyspnea
• tachypnea
• Diaphoresis
• Hemoptysis - large amounts of pink frothy sputum (early sign of CHF)
• Wheezing, crackles

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14
Q

THESE Medical management/nursing interventions ARE FOR WHAT DISORDER?

•High Fowler’s or orthopneic position
•Morphine sulfate
• Diuretics
•Low Sodium diet and fluid intake restriction

A

PULMONARY EDEMA

Peripheral edema + pulmonary edema = CHF (old terminology)

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15
Q

THIS DISORDER IS AN Inflammatory disease in which a delayed childhood reaction to inadequately treated childhood upper respiratory tract infection of beta-hemolytic streptococci, OCCURS Children between 5 and 15 years old RECOVERING FROM pharyngitis (sore throat). WHAT IS IT CALLED?

A

Rheumatic HEART DISEASE

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16
Q

THESE S/S BELONG TO WHAT HEART DISEASE?

• Elevated temperature
• Elevated heart rate
• Epistaxis
• Polyarthritis
• Heart murmur

What is the #1 way to prevention of the disease?

A

Rheumatic heart disease

Treat infections rapidly and completely

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17
Q

What heart disease is characterized by damage to or a defect in one of the four heart valves: the mitral, aortic, tricuspid or pulmonary?
What is a patient with this disease MOST at risk for? And what do you need to do for them??

A

Valvular Heart Disease
Left-sided heart failure, nurse needs to assess breath sounds!

Primarily congenital heart valves do not open and close properly

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18
Q

What heart disease is characterized by Inflammation of the membranous sac surrounding the heart? These patients have dyspnea and have hallmark findingS OF Grating, scratching and leathery LUNG sounds. WHAT IS THE HEART DISEASE?

A

PERICARDITIS
THESE PATIENTS ARE GIVEN ANALGESICS FOR MEDICATION

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19
Q

• Infection or inflammation of the inner membranous lining of the heart
• Result from invasion of an organism or injury
• High risk – patients who use illegal IV drugs
• Patients with heart valve replacements must tell their dentist prior to dental procedures because bacteria from mouth and gums can be dislodged and can cause infection.
NAME THE DISORDER OF THE HEART.

A

ENDOCARDITIS
Infective

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20
Q

S/S FOR WHAT DISORDER OF THE HEART?
• Influenza-like symptoms – chills and fever
• Petechiae on the conjunctiva, mouth, and legs
• Heart murmur

A

ENDOCARDITIS

21
Q

BELOW IS THE M/M AND NI FOR WHAT DISORDER OF THE HEART?

• Bedrest (restricted activity for several weeks – priority intervention)
• Decrease all activity
• Antibiotics:
• IV for 1-2 months
• Take as prescribed to prevent further infection
• Prophylactic antibiotics for “high-risk” patients

A

ENDOCARDITIS (INFECTIVE)

22
Q

WHAT DISORDER IS CHARACTERIZED BY Inflammation of the myocardium – relatively rare.

A

MYOCARDITIS

23
Q

ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR WHAT DISORDER?
A group of heart muscle diseases that primarily affects the structural or functional ability of the myocardium. Treatment is cardiac transplant

CAUSES: Secondary—Infective, drugs (cocaine in young adult)
Patients w/this disorder have a severe intolerance to exercise- it the most common S/S

A

CARDIOMYOPATHY

Signs and symptoms of left- and/or right-sided heart failure Chronic condition of HF – result in CLUB FINGERS

24
Q

WHAT IS THICKENING, LOSS OF ELASTICITY, and calcification of arterial walls, resulting in decreased blood supply.

A

Arteriosclerosis
Arterio means HARDENING

25
Q

WHAT IS NARROWING of the artery due to yellowish plaques of CHOLESTEROL, lipids, and cellular debris in the inner layers of the walls of large- and medium- sized arteries
WHAT DOES THE PREFIX OF THE WORD MEAN?

A

Atherosclerosis
Athero means NARROWING

26
Q

WHAT DISORDER OF THE PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED HERE:

Narrowing or occlusion of the blood vessel with plaque formation—little or no blood flow to the AFFECTED EXTREMITY
• Clinical manifestations/assessment • Pain—intermittent claudication

A

Arteriosclerosis obliterans

27
Q

THESE SYMPTOMS:
•Pain
•Pulselessness
•Pallor
•Paresthesia (tingling, prickling)
•Paralysis
DESCRIBE- WHAT??

A

CLASSIC 5 P’S OF ARTERIAL OCCLUSION

28
Q

WHAT IS AN Enlarged, dilated segment of an artery that exceeds 3 cm? IN THE AREA OF Aortic , thoracic and abdominal? PATIENT IS ASYMPTOMATIC AND HAS A LARGE PULSATING MASS.

A

ARTERIAL ANEURYSM

29
Q

WHAT PAD DO THESE MM AND S/S BELONG TO?
Assess for signs and symptoms of rupture, thrombi, ischemia
• DO NOT PALPATE A PULSATING MASS!!!!!
+++•Control hypertension – 1st priority+++

A

ARTERIAL ANEURYSM
POST SURGERY:
ALL IN RED: Measure abdominal girth and palpate /doppler pulses!
TO ASSESS FOR intra- abdominal BLEEDING

30
Q

Occlusive vascular condition in which the small- and medium-sized arteries become inflamed and thrombotic.
Clinical manifestations/assessment
• Pain; sensitivity to cold
• Skin cold and pale
• GANGRENE
• SENSITIVITY TO COLD IS THE – outstanding clinical manifestation

A

Thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)

THROMBO BURRR

31
Q

THE BELOW IS PATIENT TEACHING FOR WHAT PAD? Hint T.O. Burr
No smoking (priority teaching) causes vasoconstriction
•No caffeine decrease s/s

A

Thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)

32
Q

THE BELOW DESCRIPTION BELONGS TO WHAT PAD?
• Intermittent arterial spasms
• Primarily affects fingers, toes, ears, and nose- Chronically cold hands and feet
• Exposure to cold or emotional stress
• Cause unknown – usually affects women – more prevalent
during winter

A

RAYNAUD’S DISEASE
GIVE PATIENT SLIPPER SOCKS IF FEET COLD AT NIGHT!

Cold stimulation test – skin temp changes are recorded at each finger. Submerge patient’s hand in ice water for 20 seconds and record temp.

33
Q

Inflammation of a vein in conjunction with the formation of a thrombus DUE TO VENOUS STASIS. IT develops in deep veins (deep vein thrombosis or DVT)
• Usually occurs in lower extremity (legs)
• DVT – condition involving thrombus in deep vein
• Can become dislodged, carried to the lungs via the bloodstream and cause pulmonary embolus which is life threatening- WHAT IS THIS CALLED?

A

Thrombophlebitis - SUPERFICIAL NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE SKIN

34
Q

THESE Clinical manifestations/assessmentS ARE FOR WHAT PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM DISORDER?
•Pain
• Edema
•Positive Homan’s sign - pain on active dorsiflexion
•Erythema, warmth, and tenderness along the vein

A

THROMBOPHLEBITIS

35
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis
•Redness, warmth, tenderness and pain in the right calf
•Risk Factors: Dehydration, oral contraceptive use, immobility
•Use venous duplex ultrasound - to detect DVT

A

THIS IS ALL IN RED AND UNDERLINED
KNOW IT

36
Q

MM/ NI FOR what disorder??
• Strict Bedrest
Greenfield filter – prevents clot reaching the lungs) goes into vena cava
• Thrombectomy – prevents the flow of emboli to the lungs

A

Deep vein thrombosis

37
Q

Ulcerations of the legs from chronic deep vein insufficiency & stasis of blood in the venous system of the legs.
S/S:
+ Open necrotic lesion due to an inadequate supply of oxygen-rich blood to the tissue.
• Skin visibly ulcerated with leathery appearance
• Ulceration with dark pigmentation

A

Venous status ULCERS

38
Q

THE below MM/NI ARE FOR WHAT DISORDER?

•Avoid crossing legs at the knees
•Elevate legs when lying in bed or sitting
•Wear elastic stocking when ambulating

A

VENOUS STASIS ULCER

39
Q

AN Embolus foreign object in circulation-(blood clot, fat or air) CAN CREATE WHAT DISORDER?

A

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

40
Q

1) For arterial aneurysm- what is your first priority?
2) And- post-op, what is to be done?

A

1) Control hypertension
2) measure abd girth and palpate/Doppler pulses

41
Q

Another name for Thromboanginits obliterates is…

A

BUERGER’S DISEASE

42
Q

Lymphoma is also known as…

A

Hodgkin’s disease

43
Q

Phagophagia is a manifestation of what Hematological or Lymphatic System disorder?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

44
Q

1) What two disorders from our slides have the S/S of Petechiae (Small purple spots on
skin) and Ecchymosis (bruising)?
2) What other S/S will you remember to differentiate them?

A

1) Thrombocytopenia & Hemophilia
2) Thrombocytopenia S/S also include: Significant risk for serious bleeding – 5,000 / mm
Patient on bleeding precautions > prevent trauma and falling
Hemophilia S/S also include: Hemarthrosis (bleeding into joint), small cuts> fatal

45
Q

Know the difference between each disorder.
Thrombocytopenia etiology and cause are:

LOW platelet NUMBER, below 150,000/mm3

Most common cause IS Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura ITP– auto immune disease

A

Hemophilia etiology and cause are:
Hereditary coagulation disorder (absent clotting factors) X linked hereditary trait
Hemo A= absent VIII
Hemo B= absent IX

46
Q

Patient has heart failure with muscle weakness, and EKG Dysrhythmias. WHAT LAB RESULT OF POTASSIUM SHOULD BE ANTICIPATED?

A

Potassium level will likely be low. Below 3.5 hypokalemia.

47
Q

1) Foramen ovale closes because of…
2) Ductus arteriosus closes because of…

A

1) pressure
2) oxygen

48
Q

What defect is characterized by decreased pulmonary flow?

A

Tetralogy of fallot

Cardiovascular (6 decks)

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