Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular System > Cardio Devo > Flashcards

Cardio Devo Flashcards

1
Q

Where are Cardiac Precursors located?

Where are the specification and migration signals from?

A

Splanchnic Mesoderm

Anterior Endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is acardia and its cause?

A

Lack of heart formation due to mutation in Nkx2.5 (Tinman)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do precursor cells in the heart field express?

A

Nkx2.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the endocardial heart tube located?

A

Bilaterally adjacent to foregut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is the ventral heart formed? How are the heart primordia united?

A

Heart initially is cranial to the brain but folding in the cranial-caudal plane pulls the heart down to be ventral and inferior to head

Folding in the transverse plane unites the heart primordia in the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is ectopia cordis? What causes it?

A

Heart is outside of body

Anterior thoracic wall fails to close properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the pentalogy of cantrell?

A
  1. Ectopia cordis
  2. Ventricular septal defect
  3. Sternal cleft
  4. Diaphragmatic hernia
  5. Omphalocele

These all common to a body wall closure defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is important to know about the classical concept of heart tube formation?

A

It’s wrong.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the primitive heart tube become? What neighbors the primitive heart tube? Do the primitive heart segments become the mature chambers?

A

Primitive left ventricle

The arterial and venous poles which result in the other primitive heart segments

Do the primitive heart segments become the mature chambers? ⇒ No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is the secondary heart field located? What does it originate from? What is the master gene for it? What is its purprose?

A

Medial and dorsal to the primary heart field

Originates from splanchnic mesoderm

Isl-2 is master gene

Allows for elongation of the Primiitive heart ventricle, outflow region, primordial atrium, AV canal, sinus venosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the layers of the primitive heart tube? What is the external fourth layer?

A

From inside to outside:

Endocardium

Cardiac jelly - ECM of GAGs and glycoproteins

Myocardium

Proepicardilal organ coming from coelomic epithelium and

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do cardiogenic precursors become?

A
  • Mesoderm:
    • Endocardial Endothelial cell which also form Cushion cells
    • Atrial myocyte
    • Ventricular myocyte which also forms Purkinje Fibers
    • Neural Crest: Aortic Smooth Muscle Neuron
  • Proepicardium:
    • Coronary smooth muscle
    • Endothelial cell
    • Fibroblast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does venous inflow enter? What are the major veins, what do they drain, and is the blood oxygenated?

A

Venous inflow enters sinus venosus

Umbilical veins - Placental blood, O2 rich

Vitelline veins - Gut blood, O2 poor

Common cardinal veins - Blood from head and trunk, O2 poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does arterial outflow start? Where does the aortic sac flow to?

A

Arterial outflow from primitive RV

  • Aortic sac - Pharyngeal arch arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the first step in chamber formation and partitioning?

A

Cardiac looping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When does the primitive heart tube begin to loop? Which direction does it loop toward? Where is the apex of the loop located?

A

Looping begins soon after heart tube formation

Loops typically to right

Apex of loop located between primitive and right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does right torsion help result in? What happens to the chambers during looping?

A

Right torsion helps form the inner and outer curvatures

During looping atria and ventricle chambers expand due to ballooning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is dextrocardia? What is the cause of this? What is it typically associated with?

A

Right-sided mirror image heart

Turns left due to a cilia abnormality which doesn’t force the heart to twist to the left

Associated with situs inversus (all of abdominal organs flipped), 5-10% have other cardiac abnormalities (TGA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are changes resulting from early phase looping and torsion?

A
  1. Proper anatomical relationships between segments
  2. Outflow and inflow regions brought together
  3. Outflow region forms and elongates into proximal and distal regions
  4. Distal outflow region continuous with aortic sac
20
Q

What changes result from late phase looping and torsion?

A

Caudal and cranial limbs contact at AV canal level via bending at inner curvature

Proximal portion of the outflow region is “wedged” into the AV canal (due to twisting/torsion)

21
Q

What is the timeline of heart beating?

A

Begins to beat at 21-22 days: Initially back and forth flow

Flow becomes unidirectional by day 26

2 separate streams leave the heart by day 28

22
Q

Timeline of development of right atrium

A

Definitive right atrium forms from primitive right atrium and parts of sinus venosus

Day 22 - Right horn of SV connects to right side of primitive atrium, left horn to left side of atrum

Day 24 - A common SV opens into atrium via the sinoatrial opening, sinoatrial opening flanked by right and left valves

Weeks 5-8: SV is absorbed into the right atrium and venous connections to the SV are lost or remodeled

  • Left (proximal) and right umbilical and left vitelline vein atrophy
  • Left SV becomes a tributary of the right SV
  • Anastomosis forms between the left and right anterior cardial veins
23
Q

Where do each of these come from?

  1. Coronary Sinus
  2. Crista Terminalis
  3. Valve of the IVC
  4. Valve of CS
  5. Smooth Area of RA
  6. . IVC terminal portion
  7. SVC
  8. Auricle
A
  1. Left horn of SV
  2. Rt valve of SV
  3. Rt valve of SV
  4. Rt valve of SV
  5. Absorption of SV, primarily the Rt. Horn
  6. Rt Vitelline Vein
  7. Rt Common Cardinal and Proximal Anterior Cardinal Vein
  8. Primordial Atrium
24
Q

What is the formation of the definitive left atrium?

A

Absorption of the pulmonary veins and the primitive

25
Q

What is the formation of the pulmonary veins?

A

Initially a single pulmonary vein opens into the left atrium

Connect with pulmonary circulation

Proximal generations formed

26
Q
  1. Where is the smooth part of LA derived from?
  2. Where is the auricle of LA derived from?
A
  1. Absorption of PVs
  2. Primordial Atrium
27
Q

What other division must occur with common AV canal division to Right and Left AV canals? Why is this necessary?

A

Separation of atria from ventricles

Division of common AV canal alone would result in right and left AV canals opening into left ventricle

28
Q

How is common AV canal expanded?

A

Internal remodeling at the inner curvature of heart resulting from myocardialization: cushion tissue into cardiac muscle

Thinning of the heart wall in this area allows AV canal expannsion to the right during later phase of looping

29
Q

Where is endocardial cushion tissue located?

What does its formation involve?

A

Forms in AV canal and outflow region

Involve epithelium to mesenchyme transformation

30
Q

What causes formation of septum intermedium?

What is the role of looping during this?

A

Fusion of superior and inferior endocardial cushions forms septum intermedium

Looping and inner curvature remodeling bring the septum intermedium in line with primary atrial septum and muscular IV septum

31
Q

What is the role of cushion tissue in valve formation?

A

Forms the rings of the “cardiac skeleton” - Valve bases

Provides structure and prevents electrical conductivity through valves

Also helps form leaflets

32
Q
  1. What are the two parts of the IV septum?
  2. What does the myocardium form?
  3. What forms the apical trabecular component?
  4. What is the Primary Interventricular Communication?
A
  1. 2 parts: Muscular and membranous
  2. Myocardium of the ventricles develop trabeculae
  3. . Ballooning of the ventricle walls
  4. Space between upper edge of muscular septum & bottom septum intermedium
33
Q

Does the primary IV communication ever close?

Where does the membranous IV septum form?

A

Primary IV communication never closes

Membranous IV septum is between the right aortic vestibule and right ventricle ⇒ closing the Secondary Interventricular Communication

34
Q

What does the division of the primordial atrium require? What is the traditional view of atrial division?

A

A special septum Initially a septum primum and foramen primum

Septum grows in between to form foramen secundum

Foramen primum is closed and septum secundum develops adjacent to septum primum

Foramen ovale results from septum secundum and is offset from foramen secundum

Two septum come together, septum primum becomes valve of foramen ovale

35
Q

What is the alternative view of atrial division?

A

Oval foramen bounded by two folds

No real septum secundum, instead superior interatrial fold

36
Q

What is the key role of the atrial septum?

A

Unidirectional flapper valve

Results from offset of the foramen

37
Q

What do the following outflow tract structures form?

  1. Proximal outflow region
  2. Distal outflow region
  3. Aortic sac
A
  1. Ventricular outlets (R&L)
  2. Pulmonary & Aortic Valves & Pulmonary & Aortic Root
  3. Pulmonary & Aortic Root
38
Q

Where are the cushion tissue in the outflow region?

What are these regions named?

A

Located in both the proximal and distal portions of the outflow region

Either the conotruncal ridges or the bulbar ridges

39
Q

Proximal outflow region and distal outflow region partitioning

  1. What is the wall of these regions?
  2. What are they partitioned by?
  3. What contributes to this?
A
  1. Cardiac muscle
  2. Bulbar ridges (ECT)
  3. Neural Crest contribution
40
Q

How is the aortic sac partitioned?

A

Divided by a Neural Crest-derived mesenchyme that forms the aorticopulmonary septum

Inferior edges of the aorticopulmonary septum fuse with and extend into superior edges of the proximal outflow region septum

41
Q

What components fuse together for formation of the membranous IV septum?

A

Conotruncal septum (dorsal) and endocardial cushion (ventral) fuse together

They fuse with muscular IV septum

42
Q

What forms the following?

RV:

  1. Inlet
  2. Apical trabeculated component
  3. Outlet

LV:

  1. Inlet
  2. Apical trabeculated component
  3. Outlet
A

RV:

  1. Inlet ⇒ AV Canal
  2. Apical trabeculated component ⇒ Primitive Right Ventricle
  3. Outlet ⇒ Proximal Outflow Region

LV:

  1. Inlet ⇒ AV Canal
  2. Apical trabeculated component ⇒ Primitive Left Ventricle
  3. Outlet ⇒ Proximal Outflow Region
43
Q

Pharyngeal Arch Artery Fates

Pair 1

Pair 2

Pair 3

Pair 4

Pair 6

A
  1. Mostly degenerates, but contributes to maxillary and external carotid arteries
  2. Forms the stems of the hyoid and stapedal arteries

*3. Proximal parts - Common Carotids Distal parts - ICAs

*4. Left - Part of aortic arch, Right - Proximal right sublcavian

*6. Left - Proximal part - Proximal left pulmonary artery; Distal part - ductus arteriosus Right - Proximal part - proximal right pulmonary artery Distal part - Degenerates * Highest yield on boards

44
Q

What are the three shunts of fetal circulation?

A
  1. Ductus Venosus - Oxygen rich blood shunted around liver
  2. Oval foramen - Blood IVC is shunted to the left atrium
  3. Blood leaving the right ventricle is shunted into the aorta through the ductus arteriosus
45
Q

What is pulmonary circulation in the fetus?

What are the heart pressures in the fetus?

How does blood return to the placenta?

A
  1. Inactive due to high vascular resistance, minimal blood flow
  2. Right heart pressure > than left
  3. Blood returns to placenta through umbilical arteries

Cardiovascular System (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions