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Cardiovascular System > Cardiac and Vascular Masses > Flashcards

Cardiac and Vascular Masses Flashcards

1
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Formation of a blood clot within intact vessels

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2
Q

What are lines of Zahn?

A

Laminations apparent grossly or microscopically - produced by alternating layers of platelets, fibrin, and RBCs

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3
Q

What is Virchow’s Triad in thrombosis?

A
  1. Endothelial Injury
  2. Abnormal Blood Flow
  3. Hypercoagulability
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4
Q

What are examples of abnormal blood flow that can lead to cardiac thrombi?

A
  • Arrhythmia
  • Dilated Cardiomyopathy
  • Myocardial infarction
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5
Q

What is the clinical significance of a thrombus in the left atrium or ventricle?

A
  • Embolization to various organs
  • Decreased cardiac output
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6
Q

What is the clinical significance of a thrombus in the right atrium or right ventricle?

A
  • Embolization to lungs
  • Decreased cardiac output
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7
Q

Define an Embolus

A

Detached intravascular mass carried by blood to site distant from origin

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8
Q

What are different types of emboli?

A
  • Thrombus (most common)
  • Fat
  • Air
  • Amniotic fluid
  • Tumor
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9
Q

Systemic embolism origins

A

Heart: Atrium, ventricle, valve (80%)

Atherosclerotic plaque (abdominal aorta, carotid artery)

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10
Q

What are the common destinations of an embolus?

A

Lower legs (75%)

Brain (10%)

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11
Q

What is a paradoxical embolism?

A

An embolus that travels through a heart defect into systemic circulation

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12
Q

What are the most common tumors found in the heart?

A

Metastatic tumors

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13
Q

What is the most common cardiac tumor (originating in the heart)

A

Myxoma

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14
Q

How do myxomas present?

A

Sessile or pedunculated (ball valve obstruction)

Myxoma cells embedded in abundant ground substance

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15
Q

What is Carney syndrome

A

A clinical manifestation found in 10% of myxomas

  • Multiple cardiac myxomas, spotty pigmentation, endocrine overactivity
  • Familial (Autosomal dominant and recessive)
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16
Q

What is the most common heart tumor in infants/children?

A

Rhabdomyoma

17
Q

What complication is rhabdomyoma associated with?

A

Associated with tuberous sclerosis

18
Q

What is the morphology of a rhabdomyoma?

Gross:

Histology:

A

Gross: Usually multiple, firm white nodules

Histology: Spider cells

19
Q

What are the less common primary neoplasms?

A

Lipomas - often asymptomatic, may cause ball-valve effect or arrhythmias

Papillary fibroelsatomas - form on valves, can embolize

Angiosarcomas

20
Q

What are the benign vascular malformations (neoplasms)?

A

Hemangioma

Lymphangioma

Glomus tumor

Bacillary angiomatosis

21
Q

What are the intermediate grade vascular malformations?

A

Kaposi sarcoma

Hemangioendothelioma

22
Q

What are the malignant vascular malformations?

A

Angiosarcoma

Hemangiopericytoma

23
Q

What are the presentations of the capillary hemangiomas?

A

Juvenile “strawberry” hemangioma - grows for a few months, fade around 2yo and regresses by age 7

Adult “cherry” hemangioma - Does not regress

Pyogenic granulomas - Ulcerate and bleed, seen with pregnancy or trauma

24
Q

What are cavernous hemangiomas

A

Larger, dilated channels in deeper tissue that do not regress

Associated with von Hippel Lindau disease

25
Q

How are hemangiomas classified?

A

Based on vessel size

Capillary vs cavernous type

26
Q

What are the different types of lymphangiomas?

A

Simple lymphangiomas - small, head/neck/axilla

  • Cavernous lymphangiomas
    • neck/axilla of infants or children
    • poorly circumscribed
    • Associated with turner syndrome
27
Q

Describe a glomus tumor (glomangioma)

A

Composed of clomus cells

Small, on digits, often under nails

Painful, easily cured by exision

28
Q

What benign vascular lesion is associated with a Bartonella infection (secrete HIF-1) in immunocompromised hosts?

A

Bacillary angiomatosis

29
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma Presentations?

A
  1. Chronic, classic: indolent
  2. Lymphadenopathic, African or endemic
  3. Transplant - associated KS
  4. AIDS - associated KS
30
Q

What virus is found in 95% of KS pathogenisis?

A

Human Herpes Virus type 8

31
Q

KS disease expression is affected by degree of _________

A

immunosuppression

32
Q

What type of cells are seen in later stages of KS morphology?

A

Spindle cells

33
Q

Treatment or KS?

A
  • Resection/cryotherapy
  • Radiation
  • Chemotherapy
34
Q

What malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells is found in older adults?

A

Angiosarcoma

35
Q

What are specific associations with angiosarcoma?

A

Liver and arsenic, throtrast, polyvinyl choloride

Arm in patient with lymphedema, most commonly , post mastectomy

Post radiation

36
Q

Lymphangiosarcoma is a malignant variation of _________

A

lymphangioma

Cardiovascular System (35 decks)

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