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Systemic Pathology Exam 3 > Cardio Concepts > Flashcards

Cardio Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Normal function of the right heart

A

Takes O2 POOR blood from body to lungs

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2
Q

Function of the left heart

A

Takes O2 RICH blood from lungs to body

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3
Q

Causes of LHF (4 major themes)

A

Loss of contractility: myocarditis, myocardial necrosis, CM
Valvular insufficiency: mitral, aortic = incr. preload
Valvular stenosis: aortic = incr. afterload
Systemic hypertension = incr. afterload

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4
Q

Sequelae of LHF

A

Pulmonary congestion, edema and fibrosis

Hemosiderosis

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5
Q

Causes of RHF

A

Valvular insufficiency: tricuspid, pulmonic = incr. preload
Pulmonary hypertension = incr. afterload
Valvular stenosis: pulmonic = incr. afterload

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6
Q

Sequelae of RHF

A 
Hepatic passive congestion 
Pleural/pericardial effusion
Congestion of GI tract > diarrhea
Ascites = dogs
Hydrothorax = cats
SQ edema = horses, ruminants
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7
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

RHF secondary to pulmonary disease

Ex: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HWD, PTE, neoplasia

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8
Q

Describe cardiac skeleton composition in each of the following species: pigs, cats, dogs, horses and ruminants

A 
Pigs/cats = dense, fibrous connective tissue
Dogs = fibrocartilage
Horses = hyaline cartilage 
Ruminants = bone
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9
Q

What is heart failure?

A

End point of numerous diseases in which compensatory mechanisms have been exhausted leading to:
decr contractility, decr compliance, dys/arrhythmias

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10
Q

Hypertrophy is due to chronic ____ overload, and dilation is due to chronic ___ overload.

A 
Hypertrophy = pressure
Dilation = volume
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11
Q

Cardiac syncope

A

Acute HF

Arrhythmias, necrosis, changes in BP/HR leading to collapse, loss of consciousness and death

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12
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Chronic loss of pumping ability

Forward or backward failure - then eventually full failure

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13
Q

Cycle of cardiac decompensation

A

Decompensation leads to hypoxia
Hypoxia > RAAS/renin release > Na/H2O retention > incr plasma vol > edema
Hypoxia > EPO > polycythemia > incr viscosity

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14
Q

Pathologic consequences of hypertrophy

A

Decreased contractility, ventricular relaxation and compliance
Leads to increased end-diastolic pressure

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15
Q

Concentric hypertrophy: definition, main cause, examples

A

Def: incr in mass WITHOUT incr in end-diastolic volume
Cause: incr afterload
Ex: aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, pulmonary hypertension with PDA, cats with hyperthyroidism (systemic hypertension)

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16
Q

Eccentric hypertrophy: definition, main cause, examples

A

Def: incr in mass w/ dilation WITH incr end-diastolic volume
Cause: incr preload
Ex: AV/semilunar valvular insufficiency, AV shunt

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17
Q

Congenital abnormalities in dogs

A

PDA
Pulmonic stenosis
Sub-abortion stenosis

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18
Q

Congenital abnormalities in cows

A

A/V septal defects (VSD)

Transposition of main vessles

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19
Q

Congenital abnormalities in pigs

A

Sub-aortic stenosis

Endocardium cushion defects = AV septum

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20
Q

Congenital abnormalities in cats

A

Endocardium cushion defects = AV septum

Left AV valvular insufficiency (mitral)

21
Q

Congenital abnormalities in horses

A

Uncommon

22
Q

After how many days is the ductus arteriosis considered “patent”?

A

If no closure after 5 days

23
Q

In general, valvular insufficiencies result in ______ ______ in ventricles.

A

Increased preload

24
Q

In general, semilunar valvular stenosis, outflow tract stenosis and hypertension _______ _______ in the ventricle.

A

Increase afterload

25
Q

In general, AV valvular stenosis and pericardial disorders _______ _______ in the ventricles.

A

Decrease preload

26
Q

Which chamber and species does uremic endocarditis affect?

A

Left atrium in dogs

27
Q

Vegetative valvular and mural endocarditis: most common cause and valve involved

A

Cause: bacterial - usually concurrent extra-cardiac disease (sepsis, uremia)
Valve: mitral

28
Q

Endocardiosis: definition, signalment, valve most commonly involved

A

Def: myxomatous valvular degeneration
Signalment: small/toy breeds, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel; middle aged to older
Valve: mitral

29
Q

Sequelae of endocardiosis

A 
Valvular incompetency
Atrial dilation
Jet lesions
CHF
LA rupture
Hemopericardium
30
Q

Name three causes of nutritional myocardial necrosis

A

Vitamin E/selenium = lambs, calves, horses, pigs (mulberry heart dz)
Thiamine = carnivores
Copper

31
Q

Brain-heart syndrome

A

Sunendocardial necrosis post acute brain/CNS injury

Ex: coronary spasm, massive release of catecholamines, fxnl pheo

32
Q

How does myocarditis generally result?

A

From hematogenous spread or direct extension from endo or pericardium (rarely primary!)

33
Q

What are the four categories of causes of myocarditis?

A

Bacteria, viral, protozoan, helminths

34
Q

DCM: general cause, dysfunction, gross findings

A

Cause: genetic abnormalities in cytoskeleton proteins and mitochondrial genes
Dysfunction: systolic
Grossly: A + V dilated, V hypertrophied, thin walls +/- subendocardial fibrosis

35
Q

DCM has been reported in what three species?

A

Feline - taurine deficiency
Canine - genetic
Bovine - Holsteins, Japanese Blk Cattle

36
Q

Canine DCM signalment

A

Young to middle aged large or giant breeds

Short onset of clinical signs > LHF/BV failure

37
Q

HCM: dysfunction, gross findings

A

Dysfunction: diastolic = impaired filling
Grossly: concentric hypertrophy (cats)

38
Q

HCM has been reported in what two species?

A

Feline

Bovine - Holsteins

39
Q

Signalment/inheritance for feline HCM

A

Maine coons and Ragdolls

Autosomal dominant inheritance

40
Q

RCM: dysfunction, gross findings, species

A

Dysfunction: diastolic = impaired filling
Grossly: fibrosis
Species: cats

41
Q

RCM has been associated with what two conditions in cats?

A

Hypereosinophilic syndrome

Bartonella infection

42
Q

Signalment of excessive moderator bands

A

Older cats - congenital disease that manifests in older

43
Q

Wooly coat myopathy: signalment, lesions

A

Signalment: Hereford calves with tightly curled wooly coat
Lesions: fibrosis, necrosis, mineralization

44
Q

Which one rapidly results in death vs the other and why? Hydropericardium or hemopericardium?

A

Hemopericardium rapidly results in death

NOT hydropericardium because fluid accumulation is usually slow

45
Q

Usual cause of fibrinous pericarditis?

A

Hematogenous microbial infection

46
Q

What does purulent pericarditis indicate? What is the most common etiology in cats, horses and cattle?

A

Presence of pyogenic bacteria
Cats/horses = pyothorax
Cattle = traumatic reticulopericarditis (perforating FB in reticulum)

47
Q

Name two heart base tumors in the dog

A

Chemodectoma (primary HB tumor)

Ectopic thyroid/parathyroid tumors

48
Q

Which species are rhabdomyomas most common in and their origin in this species?

A

Swine = Purkinje cell origin

Systemic Pathology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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