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Anatomy & Physiology II > Cardio - Blood > Flashcards

Cardio - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Blood

A

Transportation, Defense, Distribution of Heat, Maintenance of Homeostasis

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2
Q

What is involved in transportation?

A

delivery of oxygen and nutrients to and removal of wastes from the body

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3
Q

What is involved in defense?

A

Blood contains WBC which protects the body from external threats and platelets and other clotting factors that prevent blood loss.

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4
Q

What is involved in the distribution of heat?

A

diversion of blood to deep or superficial blood vessels to maintain core body temperature

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5
Q

pH of blood

A

venous blood: 7.4-7.35

arterial blood: 7.45

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6
Q

The function of Plasma proteins

A

synthesized in the liver; maintain normal blood circulation

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7
Q

Types of Plasma Proteins

A

Albumins (maintain osmotic balance of blood)
Globulins (antibodies; essential to immune mechanism)
Fibrogen (key role in blood clotting)

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8
Q

Composition of Blood Plasma

A

92% water; 10% other solutes

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9
Q

Components of Plasma

A

Water, proteins, regulatory substances, Ions, Nutrients, waste products, gases

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10
Q

Composition of Formed Elements

A

Cells, cellular elements, hematocrit, buffy coat

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11
Q

In utero hematopoesis

A

takes place in yolk sac of embryo, liver, speen, lymphatic tissue, red bone marrow

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12
Q

after birth hematopoesis

A

red marrow within spong bone

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13
Q

hematopoesis in children

A

can occur in medullary cavity of long bones

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14
Q

hematopoesis in adults

A

can occur in cranial and pelvic bones, vertebrae, sternum, epiphyses of femur and humerus

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15
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors

A

erythropoietin (RBC)
Thrombopoietin (platelets)
Cytokines

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16
Q

Erythropoietin

A

a hormone produced by kidneys to stimulate RBC production, often in response to low O2 levels

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17
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

a hormone produced by liver and kidneys to stimulate development of megakaryocytes into platelets

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18
Q

Cytokines

A

autocrine and paracine factors secreted by a wide variety of cells and act on a cell to have an effect

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19
Q

Primary functions of erythrocytes(RBC)

A
  • transport inhaled oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues
  • transport CO2 waste from tissues to the lungs for exhalation
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20
Q

Polycythemia

A

When blood has a higher % of RBC which leads to increase work for the heart to circulate blood

21
Q

Anemia

A

when blood has lower % of RBC which leads to reduced O2 transportation from lungs to tissue

22
Q

Reticulocyte

A

immature RBCs released with remnants of organelles which are quickly shed as mature

23
Q

Mature RBCs

A
  • no nucleus, ribosomes, ER, mitochondria, or other organelles
  • contains 200-300 million hemoglobin
  • biconcave disks(donuts)
24
Q

The purpose for Biconcave shape of RBCs

A

allows folding to enable passage through capillaries.

25
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

bright red, forms when O2 binds to iron and O2 in lung capillaries

26
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

is darker red, forms when O2 dissociates from iron in Hb in tissue capillaries

27
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

has no effect on the colour, forms when CO2 binds to amino acids in HB in tissue capillaries

28
Q

Rate of RBC production

A

2 million per second

29
Q

Location of RBC production

A

redbone marrow

30
Q

What stimulates RBC production

A

Erythropoietin(EPO) hormone

31
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

contain abundant granular within the cytoplasm; produced in red bone marrow

32
Q

Neutrophils

A

contain lysozyme and other enzymes for rapid phagocytosis of bacteria; rapid responders to site of infection

33
Q

Eosinophils

A

contain antihistamine; effective phagocytes in presence of antigen-antibody complexes

34
Q

Basophils

A

contain histamines and heparin; intensifies inflammatory response

35
Q

Why do WBCs leave blood vessels

A

move to perform their defensive functions in the body’s tissues

36
Q

WBCs defensive functions

A

respond to chemical attractants released by pathogens and chemical signals from nearby injured cells

37
Q

Functions of thrombocytes (platelets)

A

critical to hemostasis; secrete a variety of growth factors essential for growth and repair of tissue, particularly connective tissue

38
Q

Lifespan of Platelets

A

10 days

39
Q

WBC stimulated by…

A

thrombopoietin from the kidneys and liver

40
Q

Hemostasis is caused by

A
  • blood vessel wall is severed, punctured, or damaged
  • vascular spasm
  • formation of the platelet plug
  • coagulation
41
Q

Vascular spasm

A

smooth muscles in blood vessel wall contract: circular layers constrict blood flow while longitudinal layers retract into surrounding tissue

42
Q

Formation of a platelet plug

A

platelets near damaged vessel clump together, become spiked and sticky, bind to exposed collagen endothelium

43
Q

Coagulation

A

cascade of events produce a fibrin clot to trap platelets and blood cells

44
Q

Coagulation extrinsic pathway

A

quicker and more direct; external trauma to blood vessel causes damaged extravascular cells to release factor III upon contact with blood plasma

45
Q

Coagulation intrinsic pathway

A

less direct and slower; internal damage to blood vessel wall: foreign materials activate XII upon contact

46
Q

Coagulation common pathway

A

leads to the activation of factor X; leads to the production of fibrin mesh to seal the blood vessel

47
Q

What dissolves clots?

A

Fibrinolysis

48
Q

Plasminogen

A

Inactive plasma protein produced by the liver; activated by chemicals released from damaged cells

49
Q

Plasmin

A

active form of plasminogen; enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fibrin strands, dissolving the clot slowly

Anatomy & Physiology II (4 decks)

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