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High Yield Review > Cardio and Endocrine > Flashcards

Cardio and Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

ASD

A

Split S2

Common with Down
syndrome and Endocardial cushing

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2
Q

PDA

A

Holosystolic machine murmur

Common with rubella

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3
Q

Rubella

A

Toga Virus
+sens RNA
Ear rash common

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4
Q

VSD

A

Holosystolic murmur at LSB
Common with fetal alcohol syndrome

Increase murmur with hand grip and inspriation

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5
Q

Coarctation of Aorta

A

Upper limbs have different bp than lower limbs

common with turner syndrome

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6
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

Systolic ejection click
Crescendo-decrescendo murmur

radiates to carotids

Bicuspid aorta

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7
Q

Aortic regurg

A

Early diastolic blowing murmur

LSB
Infective endocarditis or syphilitic aneurysm

Widened pulse pressure, bobbing head

Heard best when lean over and expire

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8
Q

MVP

A

Mid systolic click then regurg murmur

Infectious endocarditis, marfans, polycystic kidney disease

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9
Q

Mitral regurg

A

Holosystolic blowing murmur best heard at apex

S3 gallop (LV failure) best heard at left lateral decubitus position

Radiates to axilla

louder with squat or expiration

occlusion of posterior descending artery

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10
Q

Mitral stenosis

A

Opening snap then diastolic rumble (apex)

Rheumatic fever
Increased wedge pressure

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11
Q

Tricuspid regurg

A

IV drug
Blowing holosystolic murmur (LSB)

Intensified by inspriation and reduced when standing

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12
Q

Post MI 1 day

A

Arrhythmia

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13
Q

Post MI 3-5 days

A

Free wall rupture

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14
Q

Post MI 1-3 weeks

A

Dressler (fibrovascular proliferation of granulation tissue with new fascularization)

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15
Q

Descending aorta is ____ to esophagus

A

posterior

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16
Q

Left atrium is ____ to esophagus

A

anterior

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17
Q

TOF

A

Abnormal migration of neural crest cells

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18
Q

60 year old with aortic stenosis mostly likely from

A

bicuspid aortic valve

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19
Q

Leads II, III, AVF

A

RCA

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20
Q

Lead I-IV

A

LAD

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21
Q

Pericarditis

A

Chest pain relieved by leaning forward

friction rub
pleuritis chest pain

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22
Q

S4

A

LV hypertrophy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

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23
Q

A fib

A

commonly missing P waves

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24
Q

Kawasaki disease

A
  1. 3 years . old
  2. conjunctivitis
    3 inflamed tongue
  3. desquamating skin on palms

Coronary artery aneurysm

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25
N at carotid sinus
Glossopharyngeal | expansion leads to reflex vasodilation
26
When does myocardium receive blood?
diastole
27
Drug user with TC insufficiency
MRSA
28
Cardiac tamponade
1. after trauma 2. JVD 3. Tachy 4. Muffled heart sounds 5. Pulsus paradoxus (decreased BP with inspiration)
29
3rd aortic arch
common carotid
30
RF causes death by
myocarditis
31
Downs cardiac defect
ASD (Ostium primum)
32
DiGeorge syndrome cardiac defect
TOF
33
Friederich Ataxia cardiac defect
Hypertophic cardiomyopathy
34
Marfan syndrome cardiac defect
Mistral valve prolapse (cystic medial necrosis)
35
Tuberous sclerosis cardiac defect
Valvular obstruction from cardiac rhabdomyoma
36
Turners syndrome cardiac defect
Coarctation of aorta
37
Pituitary adenoma derived from
surface ectoderm
38
Bitemporal hemianopsia
Optic chiasm compression Pit adenoma common cause
39
Prolactinoma
1. Galactorrhea 2. Amenorrhea 3. deceased libido due to decreased GnRH from negative feedback loop tx: Dopamine agonists Bromocrytptine
40
Cushing disease
Increased ACTH
41
Hypopituitarism
Carniopharyngioma (children) Sheehan syndrome
42
Sheehan syndrome
Pregnant pit doubles in size and is unable to get enough blood, therefore ischemic necrosis occurs Lack of lactation and loss of pubic hair
43
Posterior pituitary produces
ADH | Oxytocin
44
ADH is produced and stored in
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus
45
Diabetes insipidus
No ADH or no response to ADH Water deprivation test . will not increase urine osm Test: Exogenous ADH Improvement: central
46
Nephrogenic DI
common with lithium in bipolar patients
47
Primary polydyopsia
In schitzophrenic patients Water deprivation causes an increase in urine osm
48
SIADH
Commonly leads to seizures Causes: 1. small cell carcinoma 2. Cyclophosphamide 3. Chlopropamide Treatment: demeclocine (tetracycline analog) Urine osm >100
49
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Failed to involute from phyarnx Anterior midline mass that moves with swallowing 4th pharyngeal pouch
50
Lingual thyroid
Thyroid tissue at base of tongue due to failure of migration
51
Hyperthyroid
Heat intolerance, palpitations, tremor, fatigue Primary: graves Secondary: Pit adenoma secreting TSH
52
Grave disease
Antibody activates TSH receptor Exophthalmos from fibroblast secreting GAG and pretibial myxedema
53
Treatment of hyperthyroid
1. beta blocker (decreases conversion of peripheral T4, tx of symptoms) 2. PTU (inhibits TPO and peripheral conversion of T4) 3. KI (prevents thyroid absorption of radioactive isotope via competitive inhibition)
54
Hashimoto
Autoimmune HLA DR5 Antimicrosomal AB and anti TPO ab Increased risk of papillary carcinoma
55
Subacute (granulomatous) hypothyroid
Post viral (coxsackie or adenovirus) Multinucleated giant cells Increased ESR
56
Goiter
Due to iodine deficiency Hypothyroid
57
Cretinism
Def of thyroid peroxidase Short, coarse face, enlarged tongue
58
Papillary carcinoma
1. Psamomma bodies 2. RET mutation 3. Prognosis depends on age and gender
59
Medullary carcinoma
Prolifferation of parafoll C cells Increased calcitonin Congo red amyloid MEN 2a + 2b (RET)
60
Gestational diabetes
Decreased activity of glucokinase due to HPL Macrosomia Transient hypoglycemia of newborn
61
MEN 1
Pit adenoma Parathyroid tumor Pancreatic tumor (gastrinoma)
62
MEN 2a
Parathyroid tumor Pheo Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
63
MEN 2b
Medullary carcinoma of thyroid Oral neuromas Marfanoid habitus
64
Primary Hypter PTH adenoma
High Ca2+ (kidney stones)
65
PTH receptor
cAMP and increase alkaline phosphatase
66
Secondary hyperPTH
renal failure Increased PTH, Low Ca Increased PO4
67
HypoPTH
1. Due to damage during thyroid surgery 2. DiGeorge Decrease Ca -> muscle spasm
68
Type 1 dm
1. Autoimmune destruction of Beta cells by T cells 2. Auto ab to glutamic acid decarboxylase 3. Islet leukocyte infiltrate 4 HLA-DR3-4 5. DKA
69
DKA labs
Low Na, Cl, HCO3, High: sumer K, glucose
70
Type IIDM
1. Glomerulosclerosis of kidneys 2. aldose reductase -> free radical injury and cataract 3. sensation impairment pacinian carpuscle 4. prognosis depends on waist:hip ratio
71
Insulinoma
1. hypoglycermia 2. decreased glucose, increased c peptide Mimmiced by sulfonureas
72
Glucagonoma
1. Migratory erythema 2. hypoglycemia 3. achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions) 4. watery diarrhea 5. anemia
73
Cushin's syndrome
1. adrenal adenoma 2. one large gland 3. Decreased CRH, Increased ACTH and cortisol decreased with dexomethason
74
Conn syndrome
hyperaldosteronism HTN Low K Low renin Principal cells reabsorb Na, secrete K Secrete H+ and exchange it for HCO3
75
Right adrenal drains into
IVC
76
Waterhouse friederichson syndrome
1. necrosis of both adrenals 2. n. meningitidis 3. petechial rash, fever, neck rigidity
77
Treatment of virilizaiton
Spironolactone
78
VHL
mut of chr 3 1. cerebella hemangioma 2. hemangioblastoma 3. retinal issue 4. pheochromocytoms 5. high risk renal cell carcinoma
79
Renal cell carcinoma
Increased EPO and Hct
80
Pheo
``` Chromaffin cell (neural crest cell) makes catecholamines ``` Men2a and 2b VHL NF-1
81
Smooth ER
Makes steroid | detox
82
Addisons
Low Cortisol (adrenal insufficiency) Increased ACTH Hypotension, low K, fatigue, skin pigmentation
83
Methimazole
Agranulocytosis
84
Calcitonin secreted by
Parafollicular c cells
85
Estrogen effect on thryroid
Increased thyroid binding globulin to T4

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