Cardio

Question 1

Common Cardiac Disorders (7)

Answer 1

• Coronary Artery Disease
• Hypertensive Heart Disesase (BD problems)
• Atrial fibrillation
• Aortic stenosis, mitral insufficiency
• Cardiomyopathy
• Aortic dessection, pulmonary embolism
• Heart failure (more syndrom)

Question 2

Anatomy of the Heart

Answer 2

Question 3

Heart attack & coronary artery disease (CAD)

What are coronary arteries?

What is the problem?

Answer 3

Coronay arteries supply the heart muscle with blood (20% whole blood)

Problem:

• Narrowing (stenosis) of a coronary artery limits the blood flow to the heart muscle - if the pipe is closed -> the tissue is dying
• Narrowing because of lipid deposit of plaque

Acute occlusion = the vessel is totaly closed = myocardial infarction

Chronic = littel bit closed, still blood floating. Person has problem when she/he is active (cardiac insufficiency)

Question 4

Time is muscle. Why?

Myocard infarct

Answer 4

Question 5

Which factors put a person at risk to suffer from coronary artery disease and have a heart attack?

Question 6

Symptoms of coronary artery disease?

Answer 6

(means the vessel is not total closed)

• Angina (Chest Pain)
• Shortness of breath
• Excessive Sweating (Night)
• heart palpitation
• erectile dysfunction
• male pattern baldness (verlieren Haare)

Question 7

Symptoms of a heart attack

Answer 7

The vessel is closed

• Chest pain (tightness, pressure, squeezing)
• Respiratory (Cough,shortness of breath)
• Brain (Dizziness)
• Skin (pale skin)
• Pain ( in the neck, shoulder, upper back)
• heart (Arrthymias)
• Gastric (Nausea,Vomitng)

Anxiety, Fatigue, Wakness, Loss of consciousness

Question 8

How do we diagnose & treat a hear attack?

Answer 8

Diagnose

• Symptoms
• ECG = Electorcardiography
• Troponin (Labor)
• Coronary CT

Therapy=

Heart catheterization

• Stent

Young patient

• Bypass surgery

Question 9

Arteral fibrillation and other tachycardias

What is the biggest problem of artial fibrillation?

Answer 9

Electronic Impuls of the heart is the Sinus note = coordinator

Sinus note out of action= no coordination = irregular

Biggest problem:

Blood stais , not moving -> thrombus -> brain = Stroke

Question 10

What is the difference between atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter?

Answer 10

Normally, the top chambers (atria) contract and push blood into the bottom chambers (ventricles). In atrial fibrillation, the atria beat irregularly.

(dosnt work)

In atrial flutter, the atria beat regularly, _but faste_r than usual and more often than the ventricles, so you may have four atrial beats to every one ventricular beat.

(still working)

-> Holter ECG 1-10 days recording

Question 11

When do we need a holter ECG?

Answer 11

• Syncope: Bradcarda? Tachycardia
• Palpitations (Herzklopfen,stolpern)
• TIA/Stroke: Atral fibrillation

Question 12

Therapy if Pat has Asystole?

Answer 12

Pacemaker

Question 13

Aortic stenosis

Reason

Answer 13

Old people have that often

A lot of calcium = Stenose

Question 14

Aortic stenosis - Symptoms

Answer 14

• Shortness of breath
• Syncope
• Angina

Question 15

Aortic valve problem.

2 therapies possible

Answer 15

Aortic valve surgery = new aortic valve (neue Aortenklappe)

• Long term - junger Pat
• big surgery - open thorax
• hospital 7-10 days plus 2 weeks rehab
• cost high

TAVR = ranscatheter aortic valve replement

• older pat
• stay 3-5 day in hospital
• minimal invasive
• cost are low

Question 16

Different points/options for the TAVR

Answer 16

Question 17

Heart failure

Answer 17

• Pump functions dosnt worj
• heart fails to maintain the circulation of blood adequately

Symptoms: shortness of breath, fatigue

Common! 5-10 % of all hospial admissions

Etiolgie = many