Cardio Flashcards
Causes pulm oedema
1) Increased pulmonary capillary pressure:
HEART: MI/ ACS, valves/ endocarditis, cardiomyopathy, PE, acute arrhythmia, tamponade, dissection, high-output HF (septicaemia, thyrotoxic crisis, anaemia)
RENAL: AKI, CKD, renal artery stenosis
IATROGENIC: fluid overload
2) Increased pulmonary capillary permeability
ARDS, increased altitude, inhaled/ aspirated toxins, radiation, liver failure, fat/ amniotic embolus
3) Lymphatic obstruction: mediastinal carcinomatosis, silicosis
4) Acute or chronic upper airway obstruction
5) Neurogenic: within few hours of status epilepticus, head injury or CVA
Investigations pulmonary oedema
Fluid balance ECG Labs: FBC, U&Es, LFTs, TFTs, cholesterol, consider BNP, INR, glucose, cardiac enzymes Echo CXR
Presenting ECG
- Pt name/ DOB - presenting complaint - ECG time
- Paper speed: 25 mm/s
- Rate: 300/ big squares
- Rhythm: sinus? reg, reg irreg, irreg irreg
- Axis: normal? LAD? RAD?
- P waves
- PR interval
- QRS complex: BBB
- ST segment
- T waves
- QT interval
Causes LAD and RAD
LAD: LBBB, LVH
RAD: RBBB, RVH/ cor pulmonale
How big should P waves be? What could pathology indicate?
2 up, 3 across
tall P wave: big RA
broad/ bifid P wave: big LA
What does the PR interval represent? How big should it be?
AV node –> Bundle of His
5 small squares or less
How big should the QRS complex be? What could pathology indicate?
Less than 3 across
Wider is bundle branch block
Where should T waves be negative?
Only in AVR and VI
Which vessels are involved in:
inferior
anterior
lateral MI
RCA
LAD
Circumflex
Mobitz I heart block
Progressive lengthening of PR interval
One non-conducted P wave
Mobitz II
Constant PR
Occasional non-conducted P waves
3rd degree heart block
Dissociation of P waves and QRS complex
1st degree heart block
PR interval more than 5 small squares
Causes RBBB
Normal variant
Inferior MI
Congenital
RVH
Causes LBBB
Inferior MI
LVH: AS, HTN
Fibrosis
