Cardio

Question 1

Anterior leads ECG

Answer 1

V1-V4

Question 2

Lateral leads ECG

Answer 2

V5, V6, aVL and I

Question 3

Inferior viewing leads ECG

Answer 3

II, III, aVF

Question 4

Right atrium view ECG

Answer 4

aVR

Question 5

Steps in interpreting ECG

Answer 5

Patient name etc
Heart rate
Heart rhythm
Axis
PQRST

Question 6

AF ECG

Answer 6

No P waves usually seen
ECG baseline is irregular
QRS are irregularly irregular

Question 7

Flutter ECG

Answer 7

Sawtooth

There may be a fixed degree of AV block e.g 2 to 1 or 3 to one (one of every three atrial impulses goes to ventricles)

Question 8

PR interval

Answer 8

3-5 small sq 0.12-0.2 sec

Question 9

QRS

Answer 9

3 small sq 0.12 sec

Question 10

LBBB

Answer 10

WiLLiaM

this can also be a sign of MI

Question 11

Hyperkalaemia ECG

Answer 11

Tall tented T
Loss of P
QRS broadening
Sine wave shaped ECG (emd-stage)

Question 12

Hypokalaemia ECG

Answer 12

Flat broad T
ST depression
Long Q-T

Question 13

Shockable rhythms

Answer 13

VF
Pulseless VT (if pulse then must give synchronised shock in order to avoid R on T)

Question 14

Non-shockable rhythms

Answer 14

PEA

Asystole

Question 15

Causes of raised Toroponin

Answer 15

MI
HF
Myocarditis
PE
Renal failure
Sepsis
SVT

Question 16

What is Troponin

Answer 16

This is protein involved with cardiac muscle contraction

Question 17

Troponin test timing

Answer 17

Troponin can be seen 2 hours after and lasts up to 7 days

Usually testing done 12 hours following suspected MI

Question 18

What enzymes are raised following heart damage?

Answer 18

Troponin
Creatine kinase (CK-MB more cardio specific
AST
Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 19

BNP: what is and when raised

Answer 19

This is released by chambers of the heart in an attempt to increase sodium and fluid excretion.

Elevated in HF