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NPTE > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four chmbers of the heart? What is the blood flow pattern?

A

R and L atrium
R and L ventricle

system/body > R atrium
> Left vent > pulmonary system/oxygenated > L atrium > L ventricle > system/body

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2
Q

What is systole and diastole?

A

systole = ventricle contraction

diastole - ventricle relaxation and filling of blood

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3
Q

What are the arteries of the heart?

A 
R coronary - R atrium and vent, AV node
L coronary (L ant descending and circumflex) - left vent and atrium, SA node
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4
Q

What is normal conduction of the heart?

A

origin at SA node, atrium contract togehter, stimulates AV node, transmits to bundle of His and Purkinje fibers, ventricles contract (atrial kick)

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5
Q

What are symptoms of caridac conditions?

A

chest pain, palpitations, SOB
fatigue
dizzieness, syncope
edema - usually in dependent body parts/ LE, sudden wt gain

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6
Q

What is normal HR?
Tachy?
Brady?

A

60-100bpm

>100 Tachy

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7
Q

Where do you auscultate for the aortic valve? pulmonic valve? tricuspid? bicuspid?

A

 Aortic valve – 2nd R intercostal space
 Pulmonic valve – 2nd L intercostal space
 Tricuspid – 4th L intercostal space at sternal border
 Bicuspid – 5th intercostal space at midclavical area

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8
Q

What are the S1, S2 sounds?

A

S1 ‘lub’ - closure of bicuspid and tricspid valves

S2 ‘dub’ - closure of aortic and pulmonary valves

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9
Q

What is the normal cardiac cycles on an ECG?

A

 P wave – atrial depolarization/contraction
 PR interval – impulse from SA to AV node
 QRS wave – ventricular depolarization/contraction; atrial repolarization
 ST segment – beginning of ventricular repolarization/relax
 T wave – ventricular repolarization/relax
 QT interval – time for electrical systole

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10
Q

What is normal BP?

A

120/80

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11
Q

How do calculate MAP?

A

sum of systolic + twice diastolic / 3

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12
Q

What is normal RR for an adult, child, infant?
What is tachy? brady?
hyperpnea? dyspnea?

A

adult 12-20
child 20-30
infant 30-40

tachy >22
brady

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13
Q

What is normal SpO2?

A

98-100%

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14
Q

What is normal PaO2?

A

90-100mmHg

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15
Q

What is normal PaCO2?

A

35-45 mmHg

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16
Q

what is normal pH?

A

7.35-7.45

>7.45 alkalotic

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17
Q

What are normal WBC levels?

A

4300-10800
indicitive of status of immune system
increases in infection
decreases in aplastic anemia

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18
Q

What are normal RBC levels?

A

4.2-6.2
increase in polycynthemia
decrease in anemia

19
Q

What are normal hemoglobin levels?

A

male 13-18
female 12-16

increase polycythemia, dehydration, shock
decrease in anemias, prolonged hemorrhage, RBC destruction

20
Q

What is normal platelet count?

A

150,000-450,000

increase in chronic leukemia, hemoconcentration
decrease with thrombocytopenia, acute leukemia, aplastic anemia, cancer chemo

increased risk of bleeding with low levels

21
Q

What are SandS of left heart failure?

A 
Dyspnea, dry cough
Orthopnea
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Pulmonary rales, wheezing
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Lightheadedness, dizziness
Cerebral hypoxia: irritability, restlessness, confusion, impaired memory, sleep disturbances
Fatigue, weakness
Poor exs tolerance
Enlarged heart on x ray
S3 sounds, maybe S4
Murmurs of mitral and tricuspid
22
Q

What are SandS of right heart failure?

A

Hallmark signs of jugular vein distention and peripheral edema

Dependent edema
Weight gain
Ascites
Liver engorgement
Anorexia, nausea, bloating
Cyanosis
R upper quad pain
Jugular vein distension
R sided S3 sounds
Murmurs of pulmonary or tricuspid insufficiency
23
Q

What are the activity restrictions for acute MI?acute HF?

A

MI - limited to 5 METS or 70% of age HRmax 4-6 weeks post MI

HF - O2 demand should not be increased
once medically managed, activity grandually increased

24
Q

What is the function of beta blockers?

A

lols
reduces myocardial demand by reducing HR, decrease contractility, control arrythmias
reduces chest pain and BP

25
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do?

A

prils

decrease BP

26
Q

What do angiotension II receptor blockers do?

A

tans

decrease BP

27
Q

What do nitrates/nitroglycerin do?

A

decrease preload through peripheral vasodilation, reduce myocardial O2 demand, reduce chest pain, may dilate coronary arteries and improve coronary blood flow

28
Q

What do calcium channel blockers do?

A

inhibit flow of calcium ions, decrease HR, decrease contractility, dilate coronoary arteries, reduce BP, control arrythmias, reduce chest pain

29
Q

How do you calculate ABI?
What is normal?
What is abnormal?

A

systolic pressure of LE divided by systolic pressure of UE

Normal 1-1.4
1.5 = fibrotic/not compressible

30
Q

What are characteristics of arterial disease?

A 
intermittent claudication
pain worse with exs
usually pain in calf
no edema
decreased/absent pulse
pale, shiny, dry skin - trophic changes
deep ulcers on lateral malleolus
31
Q

What are characteristics of venous disease?

A 
minimal pain
aching in LE in sitting (dependent)
edema!
dark thickened brown skin
cellulitis
ulcer at medial mall, shallow, EXUDATE!, irregular borders
32
Q

What is primary and secondary lymphodema?

A

primary - congential

secondary - acquired

33
Q

What is respiratory acidosis and its symptoms?

A

CO2 not exhaled enough
Decreased PCO2

hypoventilation, COPD

anxiety, restlessness, dyspnea, HA, confusion, coma

34
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis and its symptoms?

A

CO2 is exhaled too much
increased PCO2 >45

hyperventilation, liver disease, sepsis

dizziness, syncope, tingling, numbness, early tetany

35
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

decreased bicarb HCO3

36
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis?

A

increased bicarb HCO3 >26

vomiting, potassium depletion, diuretics, adrenal disease

vague symptoms, weakness, mental dullness, early tetany

37
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

increased potassium ions

decreases rate and force of contraction

38
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

decreased potassium ions

arrhythmias, ventricular fibrilation

39
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

increased calcium ions

increased heart actions

40
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

decreased calcium ions

decreased heart actions

41
Q

What is hypermagnesemia?

A

increased magnesium is a calcium channel blocker

arrhythmias, cardiac arrest

42
Q

What is hypomagnesemia?

A

decreased magnesium

ventricular arrythmias, coronary artery vasospasm, sudden death

43
Q

What is the AHA blood pressure definitions?

A

normal 160/100

hypertensive crisis >180/110

NPTE (13 decks)

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