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USMLE > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Smooth part of left atrium embryology

A

Primative pulmonary vein

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2
Q

Coronary sinus embryology

A

Left horn of sinus venosus

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3
Q

Smooth right atrium embryology

A

Right horn of sinus venosus

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4
Q

Superior vena cava embryology

A

Right common carotid

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5
Q

Ligamentum Teres embryology

A

Umbilical vein

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6
Q

MediaL umbilical ligaments emb.

A

Umbilical arteries

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7
Q

Urachus and medain umbilical ligament emb.

A

Allantois

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8
Q

Nucleus pulposis emb.

A

Notochord

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9
Q

Blood supply to SA and AV node

A

RCA

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10
Q

Fick principle

A

CO= rate of O2 consumption/ [O2]a - [O2]v

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11
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

2/3 diastolic + 1/3 Systolic

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12
Q

Digitalis MOA

A

Block NA/Katpase on cardiac myocyte ^intracellular Na, v Na/Ca exchange, ^ intracellular Ca

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13
Q

Normal PR

A

Less than 200ms or 1 Large box

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14
Q

Normal QRS

A
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15
Q

Normal QT

A

400MS (2 boxes) T shouldn’t be more than 1/2 way between complexes

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16
Q

PVC

A

Wide complex QRS on ekg (>4 boxes) odd shape

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17
Q

Drugs that can prolong QT

A

Some Risky Meds Can Prolong QT Sotolo Risperidone Macrolides Chloroquine Protease inhibs Quinidine (Ia, and III) Thiazides

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18
Q

Torsades des Points

A

PUSH Mg

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19
Q

WPW syndrome

A

Accessory pathway *Short PR *Delta Wave NOT ADENOSINE- Procainamide or Amiodarone

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20
Q

Afib Treatment

A

If new Cardioversion If old- anticoagulate then *rate control (with Dig, Calcium blockers, or B blockers) *rhythm control (Sotalol, amiodarone[K+ blockers])

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21
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

>100BPM Wide QRS >160ms(4box) At least 3 cosec beats

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22
Q

Normal Capillary wedge pressure

A
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23
Q

PDA

A

6th arch derivative L->R shunt. Indomethacin closure PGE keeps it open

24
Q

22q11 Syndrome heart problems

A

Truncus, Tetrology

25
Q

Down syndrome heart

A

Endocardial cushion defects, ASD, VSD, AVSD

26
Q

Congenital rubella heart

A

Septal defects, PDA, PA stenosis

27
Q

Marfan heart abnormalities

A

Aortic insufficiency, Mitral prolapse, Aneurysm

28
Q

Diabetic mother heart of infant

A

Transposition

29
Q

“pipestem arteries” on xray

A

BENIGN. Moenckeberg calcific sclerosis- NO OBSTRUCTION OF FLOW

30
Q

Artherosclerosis

A

Large and medium muscular arteries *Endothelial dysfunction *Mac migration and foam cell formation *Fatty Streak *SM migration to intima *ECM deposition and fibrous plaque formation

31
Q

Dissection

A

HYPERTENSION CAUSES TEAR

32
Q

Coronary steal principle

A

Vasodilators work on on undilated arteries (proximal to stenosis) and the distal, already maximally dilated vessels are deprived of blood. (this is used in pharmacologic stress testing)

33
Q

MI histology

A

*04hrs- nothing May have arrhythmia, sudden death, Card Shock *Up to 1 day- coagulative necrosis, possible contraction bands(reperfusion contraction), dark areas - Arrhythm, sudden card death, card shock * day-1 week - Neutrophils to macs. Yellow infiltrate. Fibrinous pericarditis to rupture and aneurysm * A couple weeks to month- Gray collagenous scar tissue- aneurysm and mural thrombus.

34
Q

Infectious cause of 3rd degree heart block

A

Lymes

35
Q

MI labs

A

Troponin I 4hrs-10 days CKMB 4hrs-2 days

36
Q

Causes of Dilated CDM

A

ABCCCD Alcohol Beriberi Coxackie Cocaine Chagas Doxo/Daunorubacin

37
Q

Hypertrophic CDM

A

Commonly myosin heavy chain mutation (AD) S4/Systolic murmur. MYOFIBRILLAR DYSARRAY Tx: B blocker, Verapamil/diltiazem

38
Q

Restrictive CDM

A

LEASH Loeffler eosinophilic mycardial fibrosis Endocardial fibroelastosis Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis Hemachromatosis Low voltage QRS Thick walls

39
Q

Bacterial endocarditis

A

Acute- S. Aureus Subacute- S. Viridians (dental- has dextran to bind clots) Enterococci- VRE possible IV drug user/surgery- S. Epidermiditis Culture neg- Coxiella, HACEK, hypercoag

40
Q

Endocarditis S/Sx

A

FROM JANE Fever Roth spots on iris Osler nodes hurting feet Janeway lesions- red but kind Anemia Nail bed hemorrhage Emboli

41
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

GAS –> M protein homology Aschoff bodies with Caterpillar macrophages JONES criteria Mitral>aortic>>>Tricuspid

42
Q

JONES criteria

A

Joint- Polyarthritis O- Heart/ pancarditis N-Nodules- subcutaneous Erythema Marginatum Syndenhams chorea

43
Q

Cardiac tamponade S/Sx

A

*Beck triad: Hypotension, Distended neck veins, Distant heart sounds *Tachy, Pulsus paridoxus, Kussmaul sign (JVP increase on inspiration)

44
Q

Syphilitic HD

A

*3’ Syphilis disrups Vasa Vasorum- aortic dilation and aortic root * Tree barking aortic calcifications

45
Q

Myxoma

A

Most common cardiac tumor 90% left atria Ball valve obstruction

46
Q

Pyogenic granuloma

A

Ulcerating polypoid hemagioma associated with trauma and pregnancy

47
Q

Cystic hygroma

A

Cavernous lmpanghioma- Turner syndrome, Downs, Edwards, Patau

48
Q

Glomus tumor

A

Painful red-blue smooth muscle cell tumor under nail. FROM TEMP SENSING ORGANS

49
Q

Temporal Giant Cell Arteritis

A

Most common in elderly females Unilateral headache Focal granulomatous inflammation of carotid artery branches can cause blindness due to ophthalmic occlusion. TX: CORTICOSTEROIDS Associated with Polymyalgia rheumatica

50
Q

Takayasu Arteritis

A

“pulseless disease” Granulomatous involvement of aortic arch and great vessels Young asian females Fever, night sweats, arthritis, myalgias, skin nodules, ocular disturbances TX:CORTICOSTEROIDS

51
Q

PAN

A

Polyartaritis nodosa * “rosary sign” micro-aneurysms and spasms * Immune complex involvement of medium sized renal and visceral vessels *Transmural inflammation with fibrinoid necrosis *Associated with Hep B Fever, weightloss, malaise, headache, abdominal pain, melena, HTN, neurologic dysfunction TX: CORTICOSTEROIDS, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE

52
Q

Kawasaki disease

A

Fever 4 days + CRASH - Conjunctivitis, Rash, Adenopathy, Strawbery tongue, Hands and feet. *Necrotising vasculitis of medium arteries including coronaries (risk for aneurysm/thrombosis/rupture) TX: IVIG and ASPIRIN

53
Q

Thromboangiitis Obliterans

A

(Buerger DZ) Heavy smokers, male >40 Segmental thrombosing vasculitis *Claudication causing gangrene, autoamputation, superficial nodular phlebitis and raynauds. TX: SMOKING CESSATION

54
Q

GPA

A

Wegeners Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Focal necrotizing vasculitis with granuloma formation *Perforation of nasal septa, chronic sinusitis, OM, Mastitis *Hemoptysis, cough, dyspnea *Hematuria, red cell casts +cANCA (Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody) TX: CORTICOSTEROIDS, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE

55
Q

Churg-Strauss

A

Associated with ASTHMA EOSINOPHILIC granulomatous necrotizing vasculitis +pANCA and ^IgE *Asthma, sinusitis, palpable purpura, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY

56
Q

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

A

Most common childhood vasculitis following URI IgA Complex deposition *Palpable purpura lower extremities *Arthralgia *Abdominal pain, melena Can cause IgA nephropathy

57
Q

Left and right ventricle outflow tract embryology

A

Bulbus cordis

USMLE (8 decks)

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