cardio

Question 1

describe rate and rhythm of pulse

Answer 1

X beats per minute, regular rhythm

Question 2

right/left common carotid artery

Answer 2

palpate between the lateral side of thyroid cartilage and medial border of sternocleidomastoid (from sternoclavicular joint)

Question 3

internal jugular veins

Answer 3

just lateral to common carotid arteries - reach the sternoclavicular joints

Question 4

irregular pulse rhythm means…

Answer 4

atrial fibrillation or ectopic beats

Question 5

where is the apex beat and what is a normal report

Answer 5

left 5th ICS, MCL (in children slightly higher left 5th rib, MCL)

apex beat slightly palpable

Question 6

what is a heave and what does a heave show

Answer 6

forceful beat, left ventricular hypertrophy

Question 7

what is a thrill and what does it show

Answer 7

palpable murmur, heart failure/MR/AR (volume overload)

Question 8

heart valve auscultation

Answer 8

A - aortic, right sternal border 2nd ICS
Place - left sternal border 2nd ICS
To - left sternal border 4th ICS
Meet at - left MCL 5th ICS (APEX BEAT, USE BELL)
22:45

Question 9

murmurs and structural heart disease

Answer 9

AS - ejection systolic murmur
AR - early diastolic murmur
MR - pan systolic murmur
MS - mid diastolic murmur