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4th Year > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

hello everyone (JY), these flashcards are going to cover..

A 
the management of:
arrhythmia 
heart failure
MI 
murmurs
angina

in the bare minimum possible detail bc honestly I can hardly read let alone learn cardio <3

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2
Q

treatment for torsades de points

A

IV magnesium sulphate

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3
Q

treatment for pulseless VT/VF

A

immediate defibrillation

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4
Q

treatment for sustained VT in a conscious but deteriorating patient

A

synchronised direct current cardio version

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5
Q

treatment for sustained VT in a stable patient

A

IV amiodarone

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6
Q

rate control treatment for AF

A

beta blocker or rate limiting CCB (verapamil)

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7
Q

rhythm control drugs for AF

A

beta blocker
flecainide
amioderone

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8
Q

when do you use rhythm control as well as rate control in AF

A

if coexistent heart failure or

first onset of AF or

reversible cause to the AF

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9
Q

how do you treat acute AF in an unstable patient

A

emergency cardio version

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10
Q

how do you treat AF in a stable patient

A

rate +/- rhythm control

electrical or drug cardio version (drugs = felcainaide/amioderone)

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11
Q

when would you use electrical cardio version in a stable patient with AF

A

if they’ve been anti coagulated for at least 3 weeks

or

if the AF has been present for <48 hours (if its been there longer theres more likely to be clots in the atria which would be released by cardio version can cause a stroke)

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12
Q

treatment for paroxysmal SVT

A

1st line - vagal stimulation

2nd line - IV adenosine

if patient unstable - direct cardio version

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13
Q

what are vagal stimulation techniques

A

valsalva manoeuvre
immersing in cold water
carotid sinus massage

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14
Q

treatment for recurrent atrial flutter

A

catheter ablation

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15
Q

treatment for bradycardia in a patient with signs of shock

A

atropine

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16
Q

how does adenosine work

A

causes transient heart block - blocks SA node to terminate SVT

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17
Q

side effects of adenosine

A

flushing
chest pain
bronchospasm

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18
Q

how does hypothermia present on ECG

A

bradycardia + J waves

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19
Q

1st line treatment for chronic heart failure

A

ACEi and beta blocker

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20
Q

2nd line treatment for chronic heart failure

A

aldosterone antagonist (spironolactone)

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21
Q

3rd line treatment for chronic heart failure

A

needs to be initiated by a cardiologist - indicated if ejection systolic fraction <35%

ivabradine
digoxin
savubitril-valsartan

others

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22
Q

what vaccines should you offer people with heart failure

A

annual flu vaccine

one off pneumococcal vaccine

23
Q

how does an MI present

A

u know the usual signs lol

central crushing chest pain
radiating to jaw/arm
feeling of impending doom
etc

24
Q

what are the ECG indications for thrombolysis or PCI in MI

A

ST elevation >2mm in two or more consecutive chest leads

ST elevation of >1mm in >2 consecutive inferior leads

25
how do you manage a STEMI
MONAT ``` morphine oxygen nitrates aspirin tricagrelor ```
26
timings for giving PCI/fibrinolysis
PCI within 120 mins if can't give PCI in 120 mind give fibrinolysis within 12 hours
27
what are some common post-MI conditions
``` left ventricular free wall rupture pericarditis (Dressler syndrome) left ventricular aneurysm ventricular septal defect acute mitral regurgitation ```
28
how does left ventricular free wall rupture present
1-2 weeks after MI patients present with acute heart failure secondary to tamponade - treat with pericardiocentesis)
29
how can post-MI pericarditis present
commonly in first 48 hours OR 2-6 weeks later as Dressler's syndrome
30
when is a 3rd heart sound normal
in people <30 if >30 then its abnormal - can indicate heart failure
31
what causes a loud second heart sound
pulmonary hypertension
32
how do you treat an NSTEMI
``` beta blockers aspirin ticagrelor morphine anticoagulant nitrites ``` (BATMAN) can add in oxygen if stats are dropping
33
what is the first heart sound
closing of the tricuspid and mitral valves (after filling, getting ready for systole) contraction happens between S1 and S2
34
what is the second heart sound
aortic and pulmonary valves closing after ventricular contraction
35
what extra heart sound is always abnormal
4th heart sound comes before S1 indicates hypertrophic ventricle
36
systolic murmurs
MRS ASS mitral regurgitation aortic stenosis
37
diastolic murmurs - rarer
mitral stenosis aortic regurgitation
38
what does mitral stenosis do to the heart
causes left atrial hypertrophy much harder to get block through the valve so atria becomes thickkk
39
what does aortic stenosis do to the heart
causes left ventricular hypertrophy
40
what does mitral regurgitation do to the heart
causes left atrial dilation - back flow of blood into left atria stretches it out - presents as a bifid P wave on ECG (p mitrale)
41
what does aortic regurgitation do to the heart
causes left ventricular dilatation
42
what causes mitral stenosis
rheumatic heart disease infective endocarditis
43
what does mitral stenosis sound like
mid-diastolic low pitched rumbling murmur can present with malar flush
44
what does mitral regurgitation sound like
high pitched whistling murmur
45
how do tell what a murmur is going to sound like
stenosis - low pitched, blood moving slowly trying to get through stiff valve regurgitation - high pitched, blood moving at high velocity backwards through the valve
46
where does mitral regurgitation radiate to
left axilla
47
where does aortic regurgitation radiate to
carotids
48
stable vs unstable angina
stable - on exertion - relieved by rest or GTN unstable - at rest
49
gold standard investigation for angina
CT coronary angiogram
50
management of angina for immediate symptomatic relief
GTN spray
51
treatment for long term symptomatic relief for angina
beta blockers | CCBs
52
secondary prevention of angina/CVD
Aspirin - 75mg OD atorvastatin 80mg OD ACEi beta blocker
53
surgical intervention for angina
PCI with coronary angioplasty CABG is severe stenosis

4th Year (25 decks)

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