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Respiratory and Cardio > Cardiac symptoms and signs > Flashcards

Cardiac symptoms and signs Flashcards

1
Q

20% of all CHD deaths are attributable to =

A

Smoking

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2
Q

Leading cause of death =

A

Acute coronary syndrome

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3
Q

CVD symptoms

A 
Chest pain
Breathlessness
Palpitation
Syncope
Oedema
Cough
Fatigue
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4
Q

Cardiac pain tends to feel

A

Tight

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5
Q

3 characteristics of ‘typical angina’

A
  1. Substernal chest discomfort
  2. Provoked by exertion or emotional stress
  3. Relieved by rest/GTN
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6
Q

What would make a diagnosis of stable angina unlikely?

A
  • Continuous, very prolonged
  • Unrelated to activity
  • Worse on inspiration
  • Associated symptoms
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7
Q

Stable angina vs unstable angina

A 
Stable = on exertion
Unstable = on rest
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8
Q

How many ‘classes’ are there for angina

A

I-IV

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9
Q

Class IV angina =

A

Pain comes on at rest

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10
Q

Angina vs MI

A

Angina: exertional, emotional stress, cold, relieved by rest or GTN, 2-10 mins
MI: rest, gradually builds up and lasts for 30+ minutes, no releif with rest or GTN, associated symptoms (fear, breathless, nausea, sweating)

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11
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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12
Q

Pericarditis is most commonly caused by

A

Viral infection

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13
Q

Character of pericarditis pain

A

Sharp, stabbing
Worse on inspiration
Worse lying flat, eased by sitting
Hrs-days

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14
Q

Character of aortic dissection pain

A

Sudden, tearing, knife-like
Excruciating
Radiates to back

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15
Q

In 50% of cases, aortic dissection presents as

A

Abdominal pain

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16
Q

Character of pain in PE:

A

Pleuritic (sharp, stabbing, burning)

Worse in expiration/inspiration

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17
Q

Alongside pain, what usually occurs in a PE?

A

Shortness of breath

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18
Q

Abnormal uncomfortable awareness of breathing

A

Dyspnoea

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19
Q

faster breathing than normal

A

Tachypnoea

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20
Q

Tachypnoea =

A

> 20 bpm

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21
Q

Breathlessness in pulmonary oedema =

A

Abrupt
Orthopnoea
Cold, clammy
Pink frothy sputum

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22
Q

Orthopnoea

A

Breathlessness when lying flat

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23
Q

PND =

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

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24
Q

Features of PND =

A

Wake from sleep, have to sit up

Frightening

25
Q

What conditions are associated with orthopnoea?

A

Left ventricular heart failure

Pulmonary oedema

26
Q

Classification of heart failure

A

NYHA classification (I-IV)

27
Q

Symptoms of chronic heart failure:

A 
Exertional breathlessness
Orthopnoea
Nocturnal cough
PND
Oedema 
Lack of energy
28
Q

Syncope =

A

Brief transient loss of consciousness and postural tone with spontaneous recovery

29
Q

Letters associated with JVP waveform =

A 
A
X
C
V
Y
30
Q

A wave on JVP =

A

Atrial systole

31
Q

X wave on JVP =

A

Atrial distole

32
Q

C wave of JVP =

A

Rapid filling of RV before closure of tricuspid valve

33
Q

V wave of JVP =

A

RA filling during ventricular systole

34
Q

Y depression of JVP =

A

Closure of tricuspid valve

35
Q

Elevated JVP wave associated with

A

Heart failure
Pericarditis
Renal disease

36
Q

Large A wave

A

Pulmonary hypertension

Tricuspid stenosis

37
Q

Giant V waves

A

Tricuspid reguritation

38
Q

Tricuspid regurgitation is associated with what on JVP

A

Giant V wave

39
Q

Steep Y descent on JVP =

A

Pericarditis

40
Q

S1 =

A

Closure of mitral and tricuspid valve

41
Q

S2 =

A

Closure of atrial and pulmonary valves

42
Q

S1 - S2

A

Systole

43
Q

S2 - S1

A

Diastole

44
Q

S3 occurs at:

A

Start of systole/after S2

45
Q

S3 sounds like:

A

Ken-tuc-ky

46
Q

Cause of S3:

A

Oscillation of blood back and forth between ventricular walls (volume overload)

47
Q

S3 can be benign in:

A

Atheletes
Youth
Pregnancy

48
Q

S3 pathological in

A

Heart failure

49
Q

S4 occurs at:

A

Before S1/end of diastole/just after atrial kick

50
Q

S4 sounds like:

A

Tenn-es-see

51
Q

Cause of S4:

A

Blood forced into stiff ventricles

52
Q

Conditions that cause S4:

A

Heart failure

Hypertension

53
Q

Murmers are graded from stages:

A

1-6

54
Q

What kind of heart murmers aren’t pathological?

A

Innocent

55
Q

Most common place for an innocent heart murmer in children:

A

Lower left sternal border

56
Q

What stage in cardiac cycle are murmers almost always pathological?

A

Diastolic

57
Q

Murmers can be due to:

A

Stenosis

Regurgitation

58
Q

Normal flow murmers are produced with

A

Prosthetic valves

Respiratory and Cardio (14 decks)

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