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Test 3 > Cardiac Surgery > Flashcards

Cardiac Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Go back to the CAD PP

A

Review!!!!!

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2
Q

medical procedure used to diagnose and treat certain heart conditions

A

Cardiac catheterization

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3
Q

If you are accessing a VEIN, where in the heart will it en up in?

A

Right side of the heart.
Right Atrium/Right ventricle

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4
Q

If you’re accessing an ARTERY, where in the heart will end up in?

A

LEFT side of the heart

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5
Q

In the cath lab, are patients awake?

A
  • Not fully awake, but in a consicious sedation.
  • Pt will be proteting their airway
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6
Q

What meds are used for these conscious sedations?

A

Benzos, opioids (Versed)

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7
Q

3 Timeframes for coronary tx (PCI)

A
  1. Emergent
  2. Urgent
  3. Scheduled
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8
Q

For patients with confirmed MI who are in crisis, what is the FIRST line of tx?

A

Emergent PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention)
* Straight to CATH LAB
* minimall invasive procedure
* heart treatment to open blocked blood vessels.
* Prof will refer these as CARDIAC CATHS in tests

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9
Q

Goal (time frame) to open blocked artery once pt arrives in facility

A

90 mins

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10
Q

True clot busters

A

Thrombolytics

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11
Q

f

  • Requires prompt intervention (within 12-72 hours)
    but may allow for time to optimize patient condition before going to cath lab (NSTEMI, Unstable Angina)
A

Urgent PCI

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12
Q

Outpatient or inpatient procedure (Positive
stress test, unexplained chest pain)

A

Scheduled PCI

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13
Q

Urgent PCI Preparation

A
  1. started on Heparin gtt: prevent further clots
  2. Nitroglycerin gtt: alleviate chest pain- check BP before!!!!!
  3. IV fluids (Before and/or after procedure)
    -Prepare/flush kidneys from contrast
  4. Hold Metformin for DM pts- 48 hrs before & after (oral diabetic med) **
    -interacts with IV contrast
  5. NPO after midnight
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14
Q

PCI PRE-Procedure Nurse duties

List 8

A
  • 2 IV lines - pts at risk to deteriorate
  • Mark peripheral pulses/establish baseline
    -ALL OF THEM
  • Prep groin/wrist sites
  • Continuous Telemetry
  • Consents - Drs responsibility
  • Foley catheter- ONLY if needed
  • Heparin/Nitro/ drips , Aspirin
  • TALK TO THE PATIENT AND FAMILY MEMBERS!! **
    -Post expectations: laying FLAT for 6hrs, report bleeding , pain
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15
Q

POST-PCI Nursing Care

A
  • Keep affected limb straight/Flat-several hrs
    -prevent damage/bleeding
  • Maintain bedrest or activity level per physician orders
  • HOB needs to be elevated no more than 10 degrees (femoral approach)
  • Check peripheral pulses, catheter insertion site, color and sensation of affected extremity per orders (ie. Q15 x4, Q30x2, Q1HR x 4) (Neurovascular checks 6 Ps - KNOW! **
  • Frequently observe puncture site for hematoma, bleeding
  • Monitor VS and EKG
  • Closely monitor for chest pain- make sure no re-blockage, monitor CLOSELY**
    -(normal/”expected” discomfort vs. reperfusion vs. tamponade/STEMI)
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16
Q

6P’s will be checked on what extremitis after a PCI?

A

ONLY on the extremity where th sheath was inserted!

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17
Q

What are the 6 P’s?
(review)

A
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18
Q

What if your 6 P’s are not normal from the baseline. What will you do next?

A

Call the provider, make sure all other assessments are done prior.

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19
Q

Is it normal for patients to feel some DISCOMFORT after cath lab procedure?

A

Yes, Some discomfort is normal.
true chest pain- is NOT!

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20
Q

What is this called?

A

Trans-Radial Approach
- used instead of a FEMORAL sheath.

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21
Q

When pulling a sheth out, you hold PRESSURE for how long?

A

15 mins or more.

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22
Q

What med should ALWAYS be at the bedside when pulling out a sheath and why?

A

ATROPINE
(anticholinergic-blocks acetylcholine)
* due to pressure on sheath wound, may cause pt to vagal response and lead to SYMPTOMATIC BRADYCARDIA

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23
Q

When removing a sheath patients can have a ___ response.

A

Vagal response.
- manipulation or pressure near the femoral artery can trigger a reflex involving the vagus nerve INDIRECTLY.

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24
Q

If patient vagus nerve is triggered, what heart symptom can patient start having?

A

SYMPTOMATIC bradycardia
- with symptoms- know how to treat

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25
Q

How would you treat SYMPTOMATIC bradycardia

A
  • Assess
  • O2
  • IV access to Atropine- 0.5 mg IV push, Q3-5, max dose of 3 mg.
    OR
  • Dopamine infusion (for hypotension and bradycardia)
  • Epinephrine infusion (to increase heart rate and blood pressure)

know

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26
Q

PCI complications:
Most serious complication is

A

dissection of the newly dilated CORONARY artery
* the mechanical stress exerted by the balloon or other devices used to open the artery can cause a tear in the artery’s inner lining (intima).
* This tear creates a false passage or flap within the artery, called a dissection.

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27
Q

When coronary arteries rupture, what can occur?

A
  • tamponade **
  • ischemia- no blood to organs
  • infarction
  • decreased CO
  • possibly death- pts can CODE very quickly!!
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28
Q

PCI complications:

Whats the timeframe where abrupt closure of the vessel can occur post-procedure?

A

In the first 24 hrs.

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29
Q

What is Restenosis

A
  • the re-narrowing or re-blockage of an artery after it has been treated with procedures like angioplasty or stent placement.
  • It usually occurs due to the regrowth of tissue at the site where the artery was previously widened bc body is trying to heal the site.
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30
Q

After PCI surgery, Restenosis risk is greates for the first ___ days

A

30 days

know

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31
Q

What meds can PREVENT restenosis?

A

Anti-platelets
(aspirin, P2Y12 Inhibitors (Plavix, Brilinta, Effient))
* these are NOT anticoags (heparing, warfarin)

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32
Q

What organ should we be monitoring for any future PCI patient?

A

Kidneys
* ALWAYS monitor renal function due to contrast given during procedure.

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33
Q

PCI complications:

3 MOST important complications after PCI’s

A
  1. Coronory vessel Dissection- leads to No.2
  2. Coronary Tamponade- decr. CO= death
  3. Vessel Restenosis- give anti-platelets
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34
Q

Review:

What is Coronary Tamponade

A
  • the accumulation of fluid or blood in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, which can compress the heart and impair its ability to pump blood effectively
  • heart is STUCK in place
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35
Q

PCI Solutions:

What 3 signs do we assess for Cardiac Tamponade

A

It consists of three key signs: Becks Triad
“Three Ds”

  • Decreased Hypotension: Due to impaired cardiac output caused by the compression of the heart, leading to reduced blood flow.
  • Distended Jugular Venous (JVD): Elevated pressure in the jugular veins, observed as distension of the neck veins, is caused by the impaired filling of the heart and increased central venous pressure.
  • Distant Muffled Heart Sounds: The sounds of the heart become muffled or distant upon auscultation, typically due to the fluid accumulation in the pericardial space which dampens the heart sounds.

Remember: DDD signs

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36
Q

What 2 types of medications are used for thrombus prophylaxis?

A

1 . Antiplatelet Medications: Prevent platelet aggregation; used for arterial clots.

  • Examples: Aspirin, Clopidogrel (Plavix), Ticagrelor (Brilinta), Prasugrel (Effient)

2 . Anticoagulants: Prevent clot formation by inhibiting clotting factors; used for venous clots.

  • Examples: Heparin, Warfarin (Coumadin)
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37
Q

PCI pts will be on a antiplatelet prophylaxis for how long?

A

rest of their lives (lifelong)

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38
Q

PCI solutions: Thrombus Prophylaxis

If ASPIRIN is used in conjunction with another anti-platelet medication it is called

A

dual-antiplatelet therapy

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39
Q

What other meds will be used with Aspirin?

A
  1. clopidogrel (Plavix) **
  2. ticagrelor (Brilinta)
  3. prasugrel (Effient)

-grel are anti-platellets

know

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40
Q

Other PCI complications

A
  1. Coronary artery spasm prophylaxis-Vasodialators
    * Nitrates
    * Calcium Channel Blockers
  2. Assess for hematoma and/or possible retroperitoneal bleeding
    -caused by blood leakage from femoral artery.
  3. Arrhythmias (“reperfusion” vs. lethal)
    * Reperfussion: vtach or SVTs but very short- assess & report
  4. Possible MI post-op
41
Q

What is Retroperitoneal bleeding?

A
  • bleeding in the retroperitoneal space, which is the anatomical area behind the peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity).
  • Blood collects in the peritoneal cavity and exerts pressures on tissues within the space
42
Q

Reversal agents for Benzos

A

Flumazenil

know

43
Q

Reversal agent for opioids

A

Naloxone (Narcan)

know

44
Q

What 3 main areas of concerns should we be assessing POST PCI

A
  • Hole in the skin (outward bleeding)
  • Hole in the blood vessel accessed (hematoma/decreased limb perfusion)
  • Coronary arteries (rupture/restenosis/spasm, etc.)
45
Q

PCI Education will include

A
  1. long-term management is largely aimed at
    medication compliance and modifiable risk factors     **
  2. Cardiach Rehab
  3. Rest/Recover & take it easy **
46
Q

Type of surgical procedure used to treat severe coronary artery disease (CAD) by improving blood flow to the heart muscle

A

CABG
(coronary artery bypass grafting)

47
Q

What is done during a CABG procedure?

A
  • During CABG, a healthy artery or vein from another part of the body is connected or grafted to the blocked coronary artery
  • this when we can NOT fix the arteries of heart any longer
  • Full chest is opened during surgery!!
48
Q

Is CABG a cure for coronary artery disease (CAD)?

A
  • CABG improves blood flow to the heart but does NOT cure coronary artery disease.
  • Must Be accompanied by treatment of modifiable risk factors such as: smoking, diet, DM, cholesterol,
49
Q

Education starts

A

on admissions!

50
Q

Why do POST-OP CABG patients require incredibly close monitoring?

A

Their condition can change QUICKLY

51
Q

How is staffing organized for a patient after CABG surgery?

A
  • The primary RN typically has no other patients
  • During the first few hours after surgery, care requires multiple caregivers, including:
    -MD (Physician)
    -Nurse Practitioner (NP)
    -Respiratory Therapist (RT)
    -Charge RN
  • This ensures close monitoring and rapid intervention if the patient’s condition changes.
52
Q

Multiple parameters will be closely assessed but more emphezised on 2 specific parameters. What are they?

A

Cardiac Output and Cardiac Index

53
Q

Why do we care about cardiac output and cardiac index?

A

Perfussion!!

54
Q

amount of blood the heart pumps to the body each MINUTE

A

cardiac output

55
Q

What other assessments are done IMMEDIATELY after a CABG surgery?

A
  • Strict I & O
  • Urinary output q 1 hr- this is how often you report it
  • Drain output- from ALL drains (bleeding!)
  • Tight glycemic control (Insulin drip)
  • all about healing and long term outcomes

know

56
Q

When will you contact HCP for pt who is post-op CABG surgery?

A
  • Urine < 30ml/hr x 2hr - need perfusion to kidneys
  • B/P too high or too low
  • Chest tube drainage > 150ml/hr or > 250ml in 2hrs- may include internal bleeding (hemorrhage)
  • Lab Abnormalities (low H&H, low K, high WBC, high BUN/Creat)
  • Severe agitation/difficulty extubating
  • Any S/S of complications
57
Q

For Cardiac surgery, do we expect large or small amounts of drainage?

A

SMALL- should resolve within 1st or 2nd day.

58
Q

If we have chest tubes for a chest trauma, do we expect large or small amounts of drainage?

A

Large- for trauma large amounts of drainage is an ‘expected’ abnormal.

59
Q

What are these used for?

A

Temporary pacing leads
* (temporary electrodes are screwed into the epicardium (not inside the heart) from outside prior to closing the chest). Sometimes heart needs an EXTRA KICK while it recovers from shock of surgery

60
Q

If a temporary pacing lead is accidentally pulled out, what are the pts at risk for?

A

Possible Tamponade
(lead goes thru pericardium, then pericardial space, and sits in epicardium space.

61
Q

Pts will stay in bed for at least ___ AFTER REMOVAL of temporary pacing leads

A

1 hour.
- after one hr and no complications, then tamponade may not occur

62
Q

CABG POST-Op priorites/teachings will include

A
  • Early mobilization
    -out of bed by end of surgery
  • Sternal percautions- heart pillow
  • Pulmonary excercises
    -IS, Flutter valves, TCDB
  • Pain control
63
Q

Home care instructions POST CABG:
How to care for incision on legs and sternum

A
  • Watch for redness, swelling or drainage.
  • Clean with soap & water. Pat dry– no tub soaking
64
Q

How is the skin bonded after CABG

A

Dermabond (skin glue)

65
Q

Home care instructions to patient regarding Dermabond (skin glue)

A
  • will start itching 10-14 days out
  • DONT SCRATCH- can get infected!
66
Q

Other Home Care Instructions for POST CABG surgery

A
  • Limit pushing, pulling, lifting activities until directed by HCP (Sternal Precautions)
  • Discuss driving with HCP, may be limited until sternum heals
  • Wear TED hose, elevate legs when sitting, avoid crossing legs (vein harvest)
  • Lifestyle changes
67
Q

What is the recommended diet after CABG surgery

A
  • low fat
  • low sodium
  • smoking cessation
  • exercise program
  • weight loss (if needed)
68
Q

Any patient after a surgery (including CABG) may experience

A

POST-OP cognitive dysfunction (POCD)

-memory problems, difficulty concentrating, or general confusion.
-several factors play role: pts age (older), meds, long procedures, infection- all can affect brain.

69
Q

What should the nurse do if POST-OP Cognitive Dysfunction occurs?

A
  • This usually improves with time
  • Goal is to get clients back into pre-surgery env as quickly as possible
  • Help orient pt using clocks, calendars, photos
70
Q

For heart transplant (or any transplant) patients are on __ for life.

A

immunosupressants

71
Q

Pacemakers are usually indicated for clients who

A

need correction of a SLOW of irregular heart rate/rhythm

72
Q

Pacemakers shows up on an EKG as a

A

pacer “spike”

73
Q

Internal pacemaker placement will only pace the ___ side of the heart

A

RIGHT side
(RA or RV)

74
Q

What type of pacing is this

A

Atrial Pacing (pacemaker= single chamber)
- will show on P wave

75
Q

What type of pacing is this?

A

Ventricular Pacing
- These look like PVC but PVC are events not rhythms- not consistent through EKG
- Spike shows before QRS **

know

76
Q

What type of pacing is on this EKG strip?

A

Atrial Pacing

77
Q

What type of pacing is showing here?

A

AV sequential pacemaker (dual chamber)

78
Q

What type of pacing is shown here?

A

Ventricular Pacing

79
Q

Type of pacemaker malfunction where the pacemaker generates an electrical stimulus, but the heart does not respond so it does not contract.

A

“Failure to capture”
- Essentially, the pacemaker is “firing” but failing to cause the heart muscle to contract

80
Q

Type of pacemaker malfunction where pacemaker doesn’t correctly detect the heart’s natural beats. As a result, it may send electrical signals when it’s not needed or fail to send them when they are needed, dysrupting hearts normal rhythm.

A

“Failure to sense”

81
Q

Which pacemaker malfunction am I?

A

Failure to capture

know

82
Q

Which pacemaker malfunction am I?

A

Failure to Sense
- you will see pacerspikes all over the place

know

83
Q

POST-OP Care for PERMANENT pacemaker insertion

A
  1. Obtain baseline EkG Recording
  2. Compare your EKG to patients PULSE
  3. Assess incision for bleeding/hematoma
  4. Observe SITE for temp elevation/pain
  5. Post-insertion Chest X-Ray
84
Q

POST-OP:

After permanent pacemaker is inserted an arm immobilizer is used for how long

A

FIRST 12-24 hrs

85
Q

Why does the patient use an arm immobilizer?

List 3 reasons.

A
  • prevent movement of the arm on the side where the pacemaker leads were placed (usually the left arm)
  • prevent lead dislodgment
  • Allows heart to heal around pacemaker.
86
Q

Client/Family Teaching:

What precautions should a patient with a pacemaker take regarding magnets and security detectors?

A

Avoid close proximity to large generators or magnets
* Ex: MRI machines (most pacemakers are NOT MRI compatible)

87
Q

What can an MRI do to a pacemaker?

A

can change the settings of pacemaker and/or interfere with its function

88
Q

Will Home appliances, cell phones, electronic devices affect pacemakers?

A

They should not.

89
Q

WHat is used to program/change the setting on a pacemaker?

A

Magnets- this is why MRIs are not used for patients with pacemakers.

90
Q

Review:

A defibrillator is used for what types of dysrhythmias?

A
  • VFIB (always pulseless)
  • Pulseless VTACH- this can be pulse or pulseless

“NEVER defibrillate a pulse”
“DEFIB a VFIB”

91
Q

Pts who HAVE suffered from VFib/Vtach, but also pts who are at HIGH risk for these events use what type of pacemaker?

A

IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-
DEFIBRILLATOR (ICD)

92
Q

What is an ICD’s main job and what’s the voltage amount it should deliver?

A

detect and correct most life-threatening dysrhythmias
- delivers <25 joules (due to closeness of heart)

93
Q

What should healthcare workers do if an ICD delivers shocks during an inpatient code?

A
  • Allow the ICD to deliver shocks as needed.
  • Continue CPR and other resuscitation efforts without interruption, as the ICD does not replace the need for manual interventions in a code situation.

Defibrillator and CPR are still done!!!– KNOW

94
Q

What happens if a magnet is placed over an IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER- DEFIBRILLATOR (ICD)? This one is different.

A

Placing a magnet over an ICD will stop the defibrillation feature.

95
Q

What happens if a magnet is placed over a “COMBO” device that functions as both an ICD and a pacemaker?

A

The magnet will not turn off the pacemaker function of the “combo” device.
- It will ONLY turn off the defibrillator function

96
Q

ICD- Family/Client Teaching should include:

List 4

A
  • Family should learn CPR **
  • Driving may not be allowed – depends on state law
  • Shock is painful – some describe it like a kick to the
    chest
  • ID Card / Medical Alert Bracelet
97
Q

ICD Pt/Fam teaching:

If ICD fires ONCE what should pt/family do?

A

Call HCP immediately
- can mean many things
- Not a true medical emergency

98
Q

ICD Pt/Fam teaching:

If ICD fires MORE THAN ONCE and pt feels bad or loses consciousness what should they do next?

A

CALL EMS!!
- this is a medical emergency

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