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Boards > Cardiac SEE > Flashcards

Cardiac SEE Flashcards

1
Q

What is

Inotropy
Chronotropy
Dromotropy
Lusitropy

A

Inotropy - Contractility
Chronotropy - HR
Dromotropy - Conduction velocity
Lusitropy - Myocardial relaxation during diastole

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2
Q

What is the RMP and TP of the cardiac myocyte?

A

TP, -55
RMP, -70

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3
Q

What happens to the RMP when potassium is increased or decreased

A

Decreased K - Decreases RMP
Increased K - Increases RMP

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4
Q

What is the primary determinant of TP? How does hyper/hypo affect it?

A

Ca

Increased Ca - TP becomes positive
Decreased Ca - TP becomes more negative

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5
Q

What happens when RMP becomes closer to TP? What about further away?

A

Closer - more easily depolarized
Further - Harder to depolarize

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6
Q

What is the sodium-potassium ATPase pump?

A

Restores balance towards RMP

For every 3 Na lost, 2 K enters the cell

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7
Q

What drug inhibits the Sodium-potassium ATPase pump?

A

Digoxin

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8
Q

Cardiac Conduction

A
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9
Q

What happens in phase 0 of the myocyte action potential

A

Sodium enters the ICF

(depolarization)

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10
Q

What happens in phase 1 of the myocyte action potential

A

Cl- enters the ICF
K+ leaves the ICF

(Initial repolarization)

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11
Q

What happens in phase 2 of the myocyte action potential

A

Ca+ enters and K+ leaves

(Plateau)

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12
Q

What happens in phase 3 of the myocyte action potential

A

K leaves the ICF

(Final repolarization)

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13
Q

What happens in phase 4 of the myocyte action potential

A

Resting phase

K out

Na/K/ATPase pump working

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14
Q

Between what phases is the absolute refractory period?

A

End of phase 1 to middle of phase 3

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15
Q

When is the relative refractory period?

A

End of phase 3

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16
Q

What is the conduction pathway through the heart?

A

SA node
Internodal Tracts
AV node
Bundle of HIS
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

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17
Q

Cardiac conduction potential

A
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18
Q

What is phase 4 of the cardiac conduction potential?

A

Spontaneous depolarization

Na in through leaky channels

Ca channels open (T type)

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19
Q

What is phase 0 of the cardiac conduction potential?

A

Depolarization

Ca enters through L channels

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20
Q

What is phase 3 of the cardiac conduction potential?

A

Repolarization

K out

21
Q

What are the RMP and TP of cardiac conduction?

A

RMP, -60
TP, -45

22
Q

What is Reynolds number? What does it signify?

A

Can predict flow

<2,000 laminar
2000-4000 transitional
>4000 turbulent

23
Q

How much does atrial kick contribute to Cardiac output?

A

20-30%

24
Q

Wiggers Diagram

A
25
Q

On the wiggers diagram when do the aortic and mitral valves open and close?

A

Opposite corners

26
Q

On the wiggers diagram when does isovolumetric contraction and relaxation occur?

A

When the valves are closed

27
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A
28
Q

Normal EF? Severe?

A

Normal >50%
Mild > 41-49%
Moderate > 26 - 40%
Severe < 25%

29
Q

Increased Preload on diagram

A
30
Q

Decreased Preload on diagram

A
31
Q

Increased contractility on diagram

A
32
Q

Decreased contractility on diagram

A
33
Q

Increased afterload on diagram

A
34
Q

Decreased afterload on diagram

A
35
Q

What does the Left coronary artery divide to?

A

Left anterior Descending and the circumflex

36
Q

What does the LAD perfuse? What leads?

A

anterolateral and apical walls of the LV and the anterior two thirds of the septum

V1
V2
V3
V4

37
Q

What does the circumflex artery perfuse? What leads?

A

Left atrium and posterior walls of LV

Lead I
aVL
V5
V5

38
Q

What does the RCA perfuse? What leads?

A

R atrium
R ventricle

II
III
aVF

39
Q

What does the PDA perfuse? Where does it arise from?

A

inferior wall

RCA

40
Q

What does the Great Cardiac Vein drain?

A

LAD

41
Q

What does the middle cardiac vein drain?

A

PDA

42
Q

What does the anterior cardiac vein drain?

A

RCA

43
Q

Where does almost the blood return to?

A

Coronary sinus

44
Q

Cardiac Leads

A
45
Q

What is the best TEE view for LV ischemia?

A

Midpapillary muscle level short axis

46
Q

How much cardiac output does the coronaries get?

A

5%

47
Q

What does the coronary blood flow autoregulate to?

A

MAP 60-140

48
Q

What is a potent coronary vasodilator?

A

Adenosine (by product of ATP metabolism)

49
Q
A

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