Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardio All > Cardiac Physiology and ANS-related Pharm > Flashcards

Cardiac Physiology and ANS-related Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

Which drug has a higher inhibitory effect on beta receptors: Labetalol or Propranolol?

A

Propranolol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the transport mechanisms and driving forces in Capillary Function

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • About __% of coronary blood flow occurs during diastole at basal heart rates, so coronary perfusion is driven chiefly by ______ BP, not ______ pressure.
A
  • About 80% of coronary blood flow occurs during diastole at basal heart rates, so coronary perfusion is driven chiefly by diastolic BP, not systolic pressure.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What effect does Digoxin have on the heart, and how?

A
  • Positive inotropic effect
    • Inhibits the Sodium-potassium pump, which indirectly inhibits the sodium Calcium-Sodium exchanger.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the β1 selective blockers?

A

The Eskimo never ate the bison because he had better meat.

  • Esmolol
  • Nebivolol
  • Atenolol
  • Bisoprolol
  • Betaxolol
  • Metoprolol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are these drugs?

A

Nonselective beta-blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the general effects of ⍺-Methyldopa?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the non-selective β blockers ( β-antagonists) that do not have α1 activity?

A
  • So, Tim met-a pro nas car driver for Penske
    • Sotalol
    • Timolol
    • Metapranolol
    • Propanolol
    • Nadolol
    • Carteolol
    • Penbutolol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of drug is Methoxyamine?

A

α1 Agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What kind of drugs are Labetalol and Carvedilol?

A

Nonselective Beta Blocker Selective Alpha-1 -Blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

For the following valve, give the location, site of auscultation, and phase of the cardiac cycle when open

Mitral Valve

A
  • Between LA and LV
  • Left 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line
  • Open during diastole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the Major Types of Capillaries and where are they found?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does adrenaline as well as pufferfish toxin affect the action potentials of Purkinje fibers?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Give a summary of the 4 main causes of Causes of Extracellular Edema

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the Structural characteristics that influence capillary flow?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the clinical applications and ADRs for Acebutolol?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  • C​oronary blood flow per gram of tissue is about 10 times the whole-body average.
    1. How is this high blood flow maintained?
    2. Despite the high blood flow, the myocardium must extract 65%–75% of the O2 to meet its needs. What does this do to the blood O2 content?
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Methoxyamine used to treat and what are its ADRs?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q
  • Is the following change in the pressure-volume loop due to
    • increased contractility
    • increased afterload
    • or increased preload
A

increased contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is happening between 2 and 3 on the figure?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do cardiac glycosides do to the contraction of the heart?

A
  • They have a positive inotropic effect
    • Positively inotropic agents increase the strength of muscular contraction.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the general Clinical Applications for α2 Agonists?

A
  • Stimulating α2 Receptors Inhibits Sympathetic Nervous System Tone
    • Treatment of hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the receptor selectivity and general effects of Norepinephrine?

What is the clinical application for it?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the clinical applications and ADRs of Labetalol?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where do the first and second heart sounds occur on this figure?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q
  • Is the following change in the pressure-volume loop due to
    • increased contractility
    • increased afterload
    • or increased preload
A

increased preload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is happening between 4 and 1 on the figure?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In the coronary circulation, what are the vasoactive metabolites and what are the mechanical effects of systole?

A
  • Vasoactive metabolites
    • Hypoxia
    • Adenosine
  • Mechanical effects of systole
    • Compresses the coronary circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the clinical applications for Epinephrine?

A
  • Asthma (β2)
  • Anaphylaxis (β2, β1, α1)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is ⍺-Methyldopa?

A

α2 Selective Agonist

(Prodrug, decarboxylated to a-methylnorepinephrine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What condition is treated with only the non-selective beta blockers propranolol or nadolol?

A

Angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the general ADRs for Nonselective beta-blockers?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the effects of Isoproterenol?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Label 1-3

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the general clinical applications of β1 agonists?

A
  • Stimulating Sympathetic Nervous System β1 Receptors
    • Treatment of heart failure and cardiogenic shock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the clinical applications for β Receptors Antagonists?

(4 main ones)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q
  • How is capillary hydrostatic pressure increases?
  • How is capillary hydrostatic oncotic decreased?
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What kind of drugs are these?

A

Selective Beta-1 blockers [FULL antagonists)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q
  • The left column is tissues and the right column is the effects of receptor activation on that tissue.
    • What receptor is associated with these tissues and effects?
A

β1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q
  • How is Kf increased?
  • How is colloid osmotic pressure increased?
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the general effects of β1 agonists?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the clinical applications and ADRs for Dobutamine?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What receptor is considered an autoreceptor?

A

α2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Compare the myocardial capillary density to the skeletal muscle capillary density? How does this difference affect diffusion and nutrient/gas exchange?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q
  • Describe how the state of the voltage-gated sodium channels changes along this action potential
    • (Open vs closed, active vs inactive)
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are all nonselective beta-blockers used to treat?

A

Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Describe the general Mechanisms affecting total peripheral resistance

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Concerning Regulation of regional blood flow by the arterioles,

  • Describe how Vasodilation is evoked
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q
  • What effects do the following agents have on the contractility of the heart, and through what mechanisms?
    1. Propranolol
    2. Verapamil
    3. Caffeine (+ milrinone)
A
  1. Propanolol
    • Negative inotropic agent
    • A non-selective beta blocker that does not allow NE to bind to the Gs subunit of Adenyl cyclase.
      • This stops the conversion of ATP to cAMP.
  2. Verapamil
    • Negative inotropic agent
      • Blocks the influx of Ca2+ through the L-type Calcium channels, thus decreasing calcium within the cells and decreasing contraction force.
  3. Caffeine (+ milrinone)
    • Positive inotropic agent
    • Inhibits the conversion of cAMP to AMP by phosphodiesterase III.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What are the clinical applications and ADRs for ⍺-Methyldopa?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What are the general effects of α2 agonists?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is happening between 3 and 4 on the figure?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q
A
73
Q

What heart sound does the following describe?

  • MV and tricuspid valve closure; the MV closes before the tricuspid, so this sound may be split (but usually not discernible)
A

The first heart sound

74
Q
A
75
Q

This is the cardiac action potential of a ventricle.

  1. What causes the initial upstroke, seen at point 0?
  2. What causes the sharp stop in depolarization, seen at point 1?
  3. What causes the plateau phase, seen at point 2?
  4. What causes the steady repolarization, seen at 3?
A
76
Q
A
77
Q
A
78
Q
A
79
Q

What are the general effects of α1 Agonists?

A
80
Q

What are the general clinical applications for catecholamines?

A
81
Q

What is Kussmaul sign? How does this relate to edema and HF?

A
82
Q
A
83
Q

What kind of drug is Isoproterenol?

A

β1 and β2 agonist (non-selective β agonist)

84
Q

What is happening between 1 and 2 on the figure?

A
85
Q

What heart sound does the following describe?

  • Aortic and pulmonary valve closure; the AoV (A2) closes before the pulmonic valve (P2)); inspiration causes increased physiological splitting of this sound.
A

Second heart sound

86
Q
A
87
Q

What is the clinical application of ALL Selective Beta-1 blockers [FULL antagonists)?

A

Hypertension

88
Q
A
89
Q
A
90
Q

What are the clinical applications and ADRs for Isoproterenol?

A
91
Q
A
92
Q

What kind of drug is Dobutamine?

A

β1 selective agonist

93
Q

Where would the following refractory periods go in this graph?

  • Effective refractory period (ERP)
  • Absolute refractory period (ARP)
  • Relative refractory period (RRP)
  • Supranormal refractory period (SRP)
A
  • The effective refractory period (ERP) includes the absolute refractory period (ARP) and the first half of the relative refractory period (RRP).
  • The RRP begins when the ARP ends and includes the last portion of the ERP.
  • The supranormal period (SNP) begins when the RRP ends.
94
Q
A
95
Q

What is the ADR of ALL Selective Beta-1 blockers that are full antagonists?

A

Hypotension

96
Q
A
97
Q

What kind of drug is Acebutolol?

A

Selective β1 blockers, but is a PARTIAL agonist

98
Q
A
99
Q
A
100
Q
A
101
Q

Concerning Regulation of regional blood flow by the arterioles,

  • Describe how Vasoconstriction is evoked
A
102
Q
A
103
Q

What are the Receptor Selectivity and general effects of Epinephrine?

A
104
Q
  1. What kind of channel?
  2. What kind of channel?
  3. What complex?
A
105
Q
  • The left column is tissues and the right column is the effects of receptor activation on that tissue.
    • What receptor is associated with these tissues and effects?
A

α1

106
Q
A
107
Q
A
108
Q
A
109
Q
A
110
Q

Describe the catecholamine selectivity

  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
  • Dopamine
A
111
Q
A
112
Q
  • What is the condition is only Esmolol used to treat
    • (There may be other drugs but is the only selective Beta-1 blockers [FULL antagonist])
  • What is unique about this drug in terms of half-life and bioavailability?
A
  • Supraventricular tachycardia
  • It has a half-life of 10 minutes, which is relatively much shorter than other beta blockers. It has almost 0% bioavailability.
113
Q

For the following valve, give the location, site of auscultation, and phase of the cardiac cycle when open

Tricuspid Valve

A
  • Between RA and RV
  • Left 5th intercostal space at the sternal border
    ​
  • Open during diastole
114
Q

Concerning myocardial cells,

  • Give the order from least to greatest for intracellular ion concentration for
    1. K +
    2. Na +
    3. Ca 2+
    4. Cl -
  • Give the order from least to greatest extracellular ion concentration for
    1. K +
    2. Na +
    3. Ca 2+
    4. Cl -
  • Give the order from least to greatest for Nernst equilibrium potential for
    1. K +
    2. Na +
    3. Ca 2+
    4. Cl -
A
  • Give the order from least to greatest for intracellular ion concentration
    • Ca 2+ , Na + , Cl - , K +
  • Give the order from least to greatest for extracellular ion concentration
    • K +, Ca 2+, Cl -, Na +
  • Give the order from least to greatest for ion Nernst equilibrium potential
    • K + , Cl -​, Na +​, Ca 2+​
115
Q

What are the general effects of B blockers, in relation to:

  • Relative receptor affinity
  • Dose-dependancy
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lungs
  • Metabolism
A
116
Q

How do papillary muscles work?

A
  • Contract when the ventricular walls contract.
  • They do not help the valves to close.
    • Instead, they pull the vanes of the valves inward toward the ventricles to prevent their bulging too far backward toward the atria during ventricular contraction.
117
Q

What are the clinical applications for non-selective β agonists?

A
118
Q

What does this equation represent?

A
119
Q
  • Is the following change in the pressure-volume loop due to
    • increased contractility
    • increased afterload
    • or increased preload
A

increased afterload

120
Q

What are the general effects of α receptor antagonists?

A
121
Q
A
122
Q
A
123
Q
A
124
Q

What is Laplace’s law?

A
125
Q
A
126
Q
A
127
Q

What condition is treated with only the non-selective beta blockers propranolol or timolol?

A

Postmyocardial infarction syndrome

128
Q

What is occurring at points A through D, in relation to the heart valves?

A
129
Q
A
130
Q

What are the β2 selective Agonist drugs?

A

AL MET SAL at the winTER FORMal

(last two last the longest [>12 hrs])

131
Q

Label A through D

A
132
Q
A
133
Q

What are the non-selective β blockers ( β-antagonists) that have α1 activity?

A

Caviar is made in a lab.

  • Carvedilol
  • Labetalol
134
Q
  • If a patient has Angina or an acute myocardial infarction, what are the two Beta-1 blockers [FULL antagonist] that you can prescribe?
    ​
    • What is the unique ADR that comes for using these drugs?
A
  • metoprolol or atenolol
    • Bradyarrhythmia
135
Q
A
136
Q

For the following valve, give the location, site of auscultation, and phase of the cardiac cycle when open

Pulmonic Valve

A
  • B/W RV and pulmonary trunk
  • Left 2nd intercostal at the the sternal border
  • Open during systole
137
Q

Describe the Mechanisms by which materials are exchanged across the capillary wall

A
138
Q

What are the clinical applications and ADRs of Carvedilol?

A
139
Q

What is NDF?

What are the starling forces?

A
140
Q

What are the effects of Dobutamine?

A
141
Q

What is the β1-selective blocker that has intrinsic activity aka is a partial agonist?

A

PACE-maker

  • Partial Agonist: Acebutolol
142
Q
A
143
Q
A
144
Q

What are the clinical applications and ADRs of α1-receptor Antagonists?

A
145
Q
A
146
Q
A
147
Q

Describe Capillary Structure and Function

A
148
Q
A
149
Q
A
150
Q

For the following valve, give the location, site of auscultation, and phase of the cardiac cycle when open

​Aortic Valve

A
  • B/W LV and aorta
  • Right 2nd intercostal space at the sternal border
  • Systole
151
Q
A
152
Q
A
153
Q
  • What does hyperkalemia do the resting membrane potential of cardiac myocytes, what effect does this have on action potentials?
A
  • Hyperkalemia reduces the Nernst K+ equilibrium potential and, therefore, the resting membrane potential.
  • This, in turn, diminishes the action potential, because the low resting potential prevents many Na+ channels from resetting from the inactivated state to the closed- but-activatable state.
154
Q
A
155
Q

What is the receptor selectivity and general effects of Dopamine?

A
156
Q
A
157
Q

What are the sympathetic receptor agonist mnemonics?

A

METH and OXY increase DOPAmine, DOUBle time. Insane

  • Methoxyamine: α1 selective agonist
  • ⍺-Methyldopa: α2 selective agonist
  • Dobutamine: β1 selective agonists
  • Isoproterenol: Nonselective β agonists

AL MET SAL at the winTER FORMal

*

158
Q
A
159
Q

What are the α1 selective blockers?

A

Pray terrible get doxxed

  • Prazosin
  • Terazosin
  • Doxazosin
160
Q

The left column is tissues and the right column is the effects of receptor activation on that tissue.

  • What receptor is associated with these tissues and effects?
A

α2

161
Q

What are the cardiac clinical applications for dopamine?

A

Treatment of shock caused by low cardiac output and renal failure

162
Q

What are these drugs?

A
163
Q

The left column is tissues and the right column is the effects of receptor activation on that tissue.

  • What receptor is associated with these tissues and effects?
A

β2

164
Q

In the coronary circulation, what is the most important control mechanism and what is the least important control mechanism?

A
  • Most important:
    • Local metabolic control
  • Least important:
    • Sympathetic control
165
Q

What are the Clinical Applications for α1 Agonists?

A
166
Q
A
167
Q
A
168
Q
A
169
Q
A
170
Q

What conditions are treated with only propranolol [this is the only non-selective beta blocker used for these conditions]?

A
  • Heart failure
  • Cardiac arrhythmia
  • Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
171
Q

What are the general ADRs for Catecholamines?

A
172
Q
A
173
Q

What are the drugs that cause edema and how do you treat edema?

A
174
Q
A
175
Q

What are the general effects and clinical applications of β2 selective agonists?

A
176
Q
A
177
Q
A
178
Q

Label what is happening to the heart chambers A through G

A

Cardio All (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions