Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR326 Cardiac > Cardiac Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Cardiac Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

ischemic heart dieases

A

coronary artery disease
stable angina
unstable angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

non-modifiable risk factors for CAD

A 
age
family hx
gender
ethnicity
genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

modifiable risk factors for CAD

A 
HYPERLIPIDEMIA
HTN
smoking
DM
obesity
diet
depression/stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ischemic heart problems

A

a plumbing issue

atherosclerosis develops in arteries that supply the myocardium causing an artery blockage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

artery blockages cause

A

decreased tissue perfusion
endothelial dysfunction
heart must work harder to pump blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endothelial dysfunction

A

vessels become narrowed when they are supposed to dilate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

causes of endothelial dysfunction

A

DM
HTN
HPL
smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

angina

A

main symptom of CAD

chest pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a complete occlusion will result in?

A

myocardial infartion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

symptoms of CAD

A 
dizziness
chest pain
heart burn
irregular heart rate
weakness
anxiety
nausea
cold sweats
burning sensation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

stable angina

A 
flow is diminished by NOT blocked
imbalance between o2 supply and demand
EXERTION makes it worse
REST makes it better
lasts 2-5 minutes
caused by atherosclerosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

unstable angina

A

severe and new onset
occurs at REST
last greater than 10 min
crescendo pattern of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

It is important to _____ the heart being cause of CP _____ exploring non-cardiac causes

A

exclude; before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

common causes of non-cardiac chest pain

A 
Reflux
muscle problems
ulcer
lung problems
bone disorders
deep breathing
emotional distress
esophageal rupture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cardiac chest pain presents as

A

pressure or tightness
diffuse, poorly localized
associated with physical exertion or stress
relieved with rest within minutes
prolonged symptoms may represent an acute MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

non cardiac chest pain presents as

A 
sharp or stabbing
well localized, focal
positional, spontaneous at rest
no predictable relation to exertion
last from seconds to days at a time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

atypical angina in women

A

hot, burning, tenderness
not always in the chest
indigestion, heartburn, nausea, weakness/fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea

18
Q

angina pectoris and pain with MI

A 
CP without exertion
may radiate to other areas (neck, jaw, upper abdomen, shoulders, arm)
no relieved in 2-5 minutes
n/v, soa, diaphoresis
risk for MI increased
19
Q

how do we treat stable angina?

A

rest and relaxation
nitrates
prevent/treat further atherosclerosis
teach about MI

20
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease that effects myocardium
can be idiopathic, can be caused by ischemia, HTN, inherited, infections, toxins, myocarditis, auto-immune
LEADS TO HF

21
Q

what is heart failure

A

chronic, progressive condition where heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s need.
heart overworked and cant keep up

22
Q

in heart failure the ____ is weakened and ____ ____ body’s demand, leading to ____

A

myocardium, cant meet, hospitalization

23
Q

heart failure results in

A

decreased CO, Myocardial contractility

increased preload, afterload

24
Q

major causes of HF

A

ischemic cardiomyopathy
MI with or without papillary muscle rupture
chronic HTN
COPD
dysrhythmias
valve disorders (mitral insufficiency, aortic stenosis)
PE

25
Q

Risk factors for HF

A 
HTN (greatest risk)
DM
men and postmenopausal women have same risk 
higher incidence in Black/African Americans
genetics
COPD
severe anemia
congenital heart defects
viruses (causing myocarditis)
ETOH/Drugs
Kidney problems
26
Q

major risk factors fo HF

A 
age (65 older most common reason of hospitalization)
Black/African American
family hx, genetics
DM
ischemic heart disease
obesity 
THN
smoking
sedentary
27
Q

Left sided HF

A

congestion of LT chambers
Left Ventricle increased in size (LVH)
backflow into pulmonary veins
congestion in lungs

28
Q

assessment findings in Left sided HF

A 
cough
crackles
wheezes
frothy sputum, possibly blood tinged
paroxysmal noturnal dyspnea
orthopnea
29
Q

Right sided HF

A 
often due to COPD with cor pulmonale
congested RT chambers
Right ventricle hypertrophy
backflow into vena cava
congestions of Jugular veins, liver, lower extremities
30
Q

assessment findings in RT sided HF

A

JVD
dependent edema
WT gain
Hepatosplenomegaly

31
Q

what is the most common cause of Left Sided HF

A

poorly controlled HTN

32
Q

what is the most common cause of Right HF

A

COPD

pulmonary HTN

33
Q

reduced ejection fraction ( HFrEF)

A

Systolic HF
determined by EF <40%
impaired contractile function, increased afterload, cardiomyopathy, mechanical problems
LV loses ability to generate pressure to eject blood
cannot generate SV and lowers CO
LV fails, blood backs up and causes fluid backup and accumulation

34
Q

Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)

A

Diastolic HF
inability of ventricles to relax and fill during diastole
HTN primary cause
LV stiff leading to high filling pressures, leads to decreased SV and decreased CO
reduced CO leads to fluid congestion
EF is normal or only mod. decreased 40-49%

35
Q

risk factors of HFpEF

A

female
older age
DM
obestiy

36
Q

HF mid range EF resembling HFpEF distinct features

A

older age, female sex
etoh use, potassium levels
AF, lung disease, anemia
HF hospitalization, death, transplant

37
Q

HF mid range EF resembling HFrEF distinct features

A

younger age, male sex
CAD, DM, valve disease
High risk of CKD

38
Q

ventricular remodeling in HF

A

weakened heart muscle
secretion of Angiotensin II, aldosterone, endothelin,
TNF-alpha, catecholamines, insulin-like
growth factor, and growth hormone
provokes genetic changes, collagen deposits and myocardial fibrosis

39
Q

ventricular remodeling leads to

A

enlargement and dilation of LT ventricle

and worsens HF

40
Q

S3 gallop

A

low pitched, heard after S2

in adults older than 40 S3 is abnormal and indicative of HF

41
Q

changes that occur in the development of HF

A

volume overload
impaired ventricular filling
weakend ventricular muscle
decreased contractility

NUR326 Cardiac (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions