Cardiac Path 1 (Pericarditis/Myocarditis) Flashcards
- A term used to describe inflammation of the pericardium (either visceral or parietal layers)
- inflammation of one usually causes an inflammation of the other
Pericarditis
_________ is most often associated with other infections of the heart, such as a Myocarditis, or infections involving the thoracic cavity (Tuberculosis).
Pericarditis
Which disease can be caused by:
- bacteria, viruses and rarely fungi
- metabolic waste products that accumulate in the blood in chronic renal failure leading to Uremia
Pericarditis
Pericarditis-
Trauma and radiation injury may also cause a ________ inflammation, along with open heart surgery
Sterile inflammation
Pathologically, _________ is always associated with exudation of fluid into the pericardial sac
Pericarditis
The fluid in the pericardial sac is clear yellow in __________ pericarditis, as in viral infections
serous pericarditis
Pericarditis:
- Purulent exudate is a hallmark of ________ infections
- This type of infection can be caused by which organisms?
Bacterial infections–>This is called Bacterial (suppurative) pericarditis
Caused by pus forming bacteria such as Staph or Strept
Pericarditis:
________ exudate is associated with more severe damage, such as in Rheumatic Fever or in early bacterial infections
Serofibrinous
In a _________ pericarditis, the surface of the heart is covered with shaggy, yellowish layers of fibrin that bridges the space between the two layers of the pericardial sac, obliterating the cavity
Fibrinous
In which pericarditis do the epicardium and pericardium resembe bread and butter taken apart?
Fibrinous pericarditis
Which Pericarditis?
Fibrous (Adhesive) Pericarditis
Definition of what?
- An acute inflammation of the myocardium typically caused by viruses.
- Can occur as a primary disease or due to a secondary disorder (I.e. Rheumatic Myocarditis due to Rheumatic Fever, Lupus, or other autoimmune diseases)
Myocarditis
In Myocarditis, over 80% of cases are caused by viruses, most often due to ________
-Can also be caused by fungi and parasites
******Coxsackie B virus *******
What is the most common cause of Myocarditis?
****Coxsackie B virus****
(This will be an exam question!)
Can bacteria cause Myocarditis?
Bacterial Myocarditis is relatively rare, usually due to a secondary disorder (i.e. Diphtheria, Meningococcus, and Staph Endocarditis).
What condition?
Other causes include a radiation reaction, hypersensitivity reactions (i.e SLE, Scleroderma, RF) and Sarcoidosis.
Myocarditis
In viral myocarditis, where does the virus invade in order to survive?
The viruses cannot survive outside the cells, so they invade the myocardium to survive
What causes myocardial disease (Myocarditis) in the following way:
- In the myocardial cells, _____ damage the vital cell organelles and cause cell death
- This weakens the myocardium and contributes to heart failure.
- Also, the myocardium is invaded by T-Lymphocytes that are attracted there by the _____. The T-lymphocytes secrete lymphokines such as Interleukins and TNF.
Viruses
The ______ are supposed to kill the virus, but they also destroy the virus-infected myocardial cells, also contributing to the heart failure.
Lymphokines
Which condition do pathologists describe the pathology as “Tiger Effect”
Viral myocarditis
Which condition has the following pathology?
-The pathology relates to pale and congested areas with mild hypertrophy, along with biventricular dilatation and generalized hypokinesis of the myocardium.(Tiger Effect)
The hearts of patients dying of Myocarditis are usually _____ and ______
Flabby and dilated
Histology of what condition:
- a patchy, diffuse interstitial infiltrate principally composed of T-Lymphocytes and macrophages.
- The inflammatory cells often surround individual myocytes with focal or patchy acute myocyte necrosis.
The histology of viral myocarditis
Clinically, the symptoms of viral myocarditis usually begin ______ after the infection.
A few weeks
clinical presentation of_______ :
- mild fever
- shortness of breath
- malaise
- signs of heart failure (if severe or chronic)–> tachycardia, peripheral cyanosis, pulmonary edema
Myocarditis
Does myocarditis affect men or women more?
2x more males than females
What is the prognosis of myocarditis
Despite extensive inflammation, most recover from acute myocarditis
-although a few die from CHF or arrhythmias.
How do you diagnose Myocarditis?
Endomyocardial Biopsy
How do you treat myocarditis?
no specific treatment for viral myocarditis, and supportive measures are needed.
